1、MySQL进阶查询
数据库实例准备
create database zx;
use zx;
###在数据库zx中创建数据表location,并添加数据记录
create table location (Region char(20),Store_Name char(20));
insert into location values('East','Boston');
insert into location values('East','New York');
insert into location values('West','Los Angeles');
insert into location values('West','Houston');
###在数据库zx中创建数据表store_info,并添加数据记录
create table store_info (Store_Name char(20),Sales int(10),Date char(10));
insert into store_info values('Los Angeles','1500','2020-12-05');
insert into store_info values('Houston','250','2020-12-07');
insert into store_info values('Los Angeles','300','2020-12-08');
insert into store_info values('Boston','700','2020-12-08');
insert into store_info values('Washington','1000','2020-12-09');
insert into store_info values('Chicago','800','2020-12-10');
(1)select
select:显示表格中一个或数个字段的所有数据记录
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名";
select store_name from store_info;
(2)distinct
distinct:不显示重复的数据记录
语法:SELECT DISTINCT "字段" FROM "表名";
select distinct Store_Name from store_info;
(3)where
where:有条件查询
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "条件";
select * from store_info where Store_Name = 'Los Angeles';
select * from store_info where Store_Name != 'Los Angeles';
(4)and or
and or:且 或
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "条件1" {[AND|OR] "条件2"}+ ;
select * from store_info where Sales >= 700 and Sales <= 900;
select * from store_info where Store_Name='Los Angeles' or Store_Name = 'Houston';
select * from store_info where (Store_Name='Los Angeles' or Store_Name = 'Houston') and sales > 1000;
(5)in
in:显示已知的值的数据记录
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" IN ('值1', '值2', ...);
select * from store_info where Sales in (1500, 250);
等于
select * from store_info where sales=1500 or sales=250;
select * from store_info where Sales not in (1500, 250);
等于
select * from store_info where sales!=1500 and sales!=250;
(6)between
between:显示两个值范围内的数据记录
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" BETWEEN '值1' AND '值2';
select * from store_info where date between '2020-12-05' and '2020-12-08';
等于
select * from store_info where date >='2020-12-05' and date<='2020-12-08';
(7)通配符
通配符:通常通配符都是跟like一起使用的
% :百分号表示零个、一个或多个字符
_ :下划线表示单个字符
'A_Z':所有以 'A' 起头,另一个任何值的字符,且以'Z'为结尾的字符串。例如,'ABZ' 和 'A2Z' 都符合这一个模式,而 'AKKZ' 并不符合 (因为在A和Z之间有两个字符,而不是一个字符)。
'ABC%': 所有以 'ABC' 起头的字符串。例如,'ABCD' 和 'ABCABC' 都符合这个模式。
'%XYZ': 所有以 'XYZ' 结尾的字符串。例如,'WXYZ' 和 'ZZXYZ' 都符合这个模式。
'%AN%': 所有含有 'AN'这个模式的字符串。例如,'LOS ANGELES' 和 'SAN FRANCISCO' 都符合这个模式。
'_AN%':所有第二个字母为 'A' 和第三个字母为 'N' 的字符串。例如,'SAN FRANCISCO' 符合这个模式,而 'LOS ANGELES' 则不符合这个模式。
select * from store_info where Store_Name like '_os%';
select * from store_info where Store_Name like '%on';
select * from store_info where Store_Name like 'Los%';
(8)like
like:匹配一个模式来找出我们要的数据记录
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" LIKE {模式};
select * from store_info where store_name like '%on%';
(9)ORDER BY
ORDER BY 按关键字排序
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" [WHERE "条件"] ORDER BY "字段" [ASC, DESC];
#ASC 是按照升序进行排序的,是默认的排序方式。
#DESC 是按降序方式进行排序。
select * from store_info order by sales;
select * from store_info order by sales desc;
select * from store_info where Store_Name in ('Los Angeles', 'Chicago') order by sales desc;
2、MySQL数据库函数
(1)数学函数
数学函数 | 作用 |
abs(x) | 返回x的绝对值 |
rand() | 返回0到1的随机数 |
mod(x, y) | 返回x除以y以后的余数 |
power(x, y) | 返回x的y次方 |
round(x) | 返回离x最近的整数 |
round(x, y) | 保留x的y位小数四舍五入后的值 |
sqrt(x) | 返回x的平方根 |
truncate(x, y) | 返回数字x截断为y位小数的值 #不四舍五入 |
ceil(x) | 返回大于或等于x的最小整数 |
floor(x) | 返回小于或等于x的最大整数 |
greatest(x1,x2,...) | 返回集合中最大的值 |
least(x1,x2,...) | 返回集合中最小的值 |
SELECT abs(-1), rand(), mod(5,3), power(2,3), round(1.89);
SELECT round(1.8937,3), truncate(1.235,2), ceil(5.2), floor(2.1), least(1.89,3,6.1,2.1);
(2)聚合函数
关键字 | 作用 |
avg() | 返回指定列的平均值 |
count() | 返回指定列中非 NULL 值的个数 |
min() | 返回指定列的最小值 |
max() | 返回指定列的最大值 |
sum(字段) | 返回指定列的所有值之和 |
###返回指定列sales的平均值
select avg(sales) from store_info;
###返回指定列store_name列中非NULL值的个数
select count(store_name) from store_info;
select count(distinct store_name) from store_info;
(3)字符串函数
补充:字符串截取三种方法
1)upper、lower大小写转换
2)concat拼接
使用“||”进行拼接
3)substr字符串截取
4)length长度查看
5)replace替换
6)trim移除
SELECT TRIM ([ [位置] [要移除的字符串] FROM ] 字符串);
#[位置]:的值可以为 LEADING (起头), TRAILING (结尾), BOTH (起头及结尾)。
#[要移除的字符串]:从字串的起头、结尾,或起头及结尾移除的字符串。缺省时为空格。
7)left、right取值
3、查询函数
(1)group by汇总
group by:对group by后面字段的查询结果,进行汇总分组,通常是结合聚合函数一起使用的
语法:SELECT "字段1", SUM("字段2") FROM "表名" GROUP BY "字段1";
select * from store_info group by Store_Name;
select Store_Name, count(Sales) from store_info group by Store_Name;
(2)having
having:用来过滤由group by语句返回的记录集,通常与group by语句联合使用
语法:SELECT "字段1", SUM("字段2") FROM "表格名" GROUP BY "字段1" HAVING (函数条件);
select store_name,sum(sales) from store_info group by store_name having sum(sales) > 1000;
(3)别名
别名:字段別名 表格別名
语法:SELECT "表格別名"."字段1" [AS] "字段別名" FROM "表格名" [AS] "表格別名";
select A.store_name store,sum(A.sales) "total sales" from store_info A group p by A.store_name;
(4)子查询
子查询:连接表格,在WHERE 子句或 HAVING 子句中插入另一个SQL语句
语法:SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格1" WHERE "字段2" [比较运算符] #外查询
(SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件"); #内查询
#可以是符号的运算符,例如 =、>、<、>=、<= ;也可以是文字的运算符,例如 LIKE、IN、BETWEEN
select sum(Sales) from store_info where Store_Name in (select Store_Name from location where Region='West');
(5)exists(类查询)
exists(类查询)exists:用来根据条件过滤查询结果,并只返回满足条件的行
语法:SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格1" WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");
#这里的子查询作为条件进行判断。如果子查询返回至少一行结果,则外部查询的结果将包含该行
select * from store_info A where exists (select Store_Name from location B where B.store_name = A.store_name);
4、连接查询
(1)表连接
(2)内连接
select * from store_info A inner join location B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name;
(3)左连接
select * from store_info A left join location B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name;
5、求交集、无交集方法总结
(1)交集方法
1)内连接
select A.Store_Name from store_info A inner join location B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name;
select A.Store_Name from store_info A inner join location B using(Store_Name);
2)左连接
select B.Store_Name from location A left join store_info B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name where B.Store_Name is not null;
3)右连接
select A.Store_Name from location A right join store_info B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name where A.Store_Name is not null;
4)子查询
select A.Store_Name from store_info A where A.Store_Name in (select B.Store_Name from location B);
select A.Store_Name from store_info A where exists (select B.Store_Name from location B where A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name));
![](https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/direct/cd0517fe626d46f59cc71ca6e2f92852.png)
5)多表查询
select A.Store_Name from store_info A, location B where
A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name;
6)联集+分组
select A.Store_Name from (select distinct Store_Name from store_info union all select distinct store_name from location) A group by A.Store_Name having count(A.Store_Name) > 1;
(2)求无交集方法总结
1)求左表无交集
select A.Store_Name from location A left join store_info B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name where B.Store_Name is null;
select Store_Name from location where Store_Name not in (select Store_Name from store_info);
select A.Store_Name from location A where not exists (sellect B.Store_Name from store_info B where A.Store_Name=B.Store_NName);
2)求右表无交集
select B.Store_Name from location A right join store_info B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name where A.Store_Name is null;
select Store_Name from store_info where Store_Name not in (select Store_Name from location);
select A.Store_Name from store_info A where not exists (sselect B.Store_Name from location B where A.Store_Name=B.Store_NName);
3)求两个表无交集
select A.Store_Name from location A left join store_info B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name where B.Store_Name is null
-> union all
-> select B.Store_Name from location A right join store_infoo B on A.Store_Name=B.Store_Name where A.Store_Name is null;
select A.Store_Name from (select distinct Store_Name from store_info union all select distinct store_name from location) A group by A.Store_Name having count(A.Store_Name) = 1;
6、view视图
view:视图,可以被当作是虚拟表或存储查询
视图跟表格的不同是,表格中有实际储存数据记录,而视图是建立在表格之上的一个架构,它本身并不实际储存数据记录。
临时表在用户退出或同数据库的连接断开后就自动消失了,而视图不会消失。
视图不含有数据,只存储它的定义,它的用途一般可以简化复杂的查询。比如你要对几个表进行连接查询,而且还要进行统计排序等操作,写SQL语句会很麻烦的,用视图将几个表联结起来,然后对这个视图进行查询操作,就和对一个表查询一样,很方便。
语法:CREATE VIEW "视图表名" AS "SELECT 语句";
定义视图的方法求交集
create view v_store_names as select distinct Store_Name from store_info union all select distinct Store_Name from location; #定义视图
select * from v_store_names group by Store_Name having count(Store_Name)=1;
#求两表的交集
drop view v_sum; #删除视图方法
补充:
视图表能否修改数据?
视图表保存的是select查询语句的定义,如果select语句查询的字段是没有被处理过的源表字段,则可以通过视图表修改源表的数据;如果select语句查询的字段被函数或group by等处理的字段,则不可以通过视图表修改源表的数据。
7、CASE
是 SQL 用来做为 IF-THEN-ELSE 之类逻辑的关键字
语法一:
SELECT CASE "字段名"
WHEN "数值1" THEN "结果1"
WHEN "数值2" THEN "结果2"
...
[ELSE "default"]
END
FROM "表名";
语法二:
SELECT CASE
WHEN "公式1" THEN "结果1"
WHEN "公式2" THEN "结果1"
...
[ELSE "default"] END
#ELSE 子句则并不是必须的。
select Store_Name, Sales, case Store_Name
when 'Houston' then Sales*2
when 'Boston' then 7000
else Sales end
'new sales'
from store_info;
select Store_Name, Sales, case
when Store_Name='Houston' then Sales*2
when Store_Name='Boston' then 7000
else Sales end
'new sales'
from store_info;
8、空值(NULL) 和 无值('')
1.无值的长度为 0,不占用空间的;而 NULL 值的长度是 NULL,是占用空间的。
2.IS NULL 或者 IS NOT NULL,是用来判断字段是不是为 NULL 或者不是 NULL,不能查出是不是无值的。
3.无值的判断使用=''或者<>''来处理。<> != 代表不等于。
4.在通过 count()指定字段统计有多少行数时,如果遇到 NULL 值会自动忽略掉,遇到无值会加入到记录中进行计算。
补充:
无值'' 和 空值NULL 的区别?
无值’‘ 的长度为0,不占用空间;可以通过 字段名= '' 或 字段名 != '' 来过滤字段的值是否为无值的行;指定字段使用函数 count(字段) 不会忽略 无值 的行;
空值NULL 的长度为NULL,占用空间;可以通过“字段名 is null” 或 “字段名 is not null”来过滤字段的值是否为NULL的行;指定字段使用函数 count(字段) 会忽略NULL的行。
9、过滤重复数据总结
案例1:删除重复数据
案例2:去除重复值,保留唯一
10、导出、导入数据
(1)导出数据
vim /etc/my.cnf
添加
secure_file_priv="" #允许导入、导出文件
systemctl restart mysqld.service
mkdir /opt/mysql_files
chmod 777 /opt/mysql_files
select * into outfile '/opt/mysql_files/stroe.csv' fields terminated by ',' enclosed by '"' lines terminated by '\n' from store_info; #导出文件
(2)导入数据
create table store_info (Store_Name char(20),Sales int(10),Date char(10));
load data infile '/opt/mysql_files/stroe.csv' into table store_info fields terminated by ',' enclosed by '"' lines terminated by '\n';
11、正则表达式
语法:SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" REGEXP {模式};