Linux基础学习之Shell编程——字符处理命令

1、排序命令

[root@localhost ~]# sort [选项] 文件名

选项：

 -f  ：忽略大小写

 -n  ：以数值型进行排序，默认使用字符串型排序

  -r  ：反向排序

  -t   ：指定分隔符，默认分隔符是制表符

 -k n[,m]  :按照指定的字段范围排序。从第n字段开始，m字段结束（默认到行尾）

示例：

[root@localhost ~]# sort /etc/passwd

#排序用户信息文件

[root@localhost ~]# sort

#反向排序

[root@localhost ~]# sort -t ":" -k 3,3 /etc/passwd

#指定分隔符是“：”，用第三字段开头，第三字段结尾排序，就是只用第三字段排序

[root@localhost ~]# sort -n -t ":" -k 3,3 /etc/passwd

 

[root@localhost ~]# sort /etc/passwd
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
bimm:x:502:503::/home/bimm:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
cangls:x:503:504::/home/cangls:/bin/bash
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
lamp:x:505:508::/home/lamp:/bin/bash
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
sc:x:501:501::/home/sc:/bin/bash
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
st:x:504:506::/home/st:/bin/bash
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
zhouxueli:x:500:500:zhouxueli:/home/zhouxueli:/bin/bash
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# sort -r /etc/passwd
zhouxueli:x:500:500:zhouxueli:/home/zhouxueli:/bin/bash
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
st:x:504:506::/home/st:/bin/bash
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
sc:x:501:501::/home/sc:/bin/bash
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
lamp:x:505:508::/home/lamp:/bin/bash
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
cangls:x:503:504::/home/cangls:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
bimm:x:502:503::/home/bimm:/bin/bash
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
[root@localhost ~]# 

[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# sort -t ":" -k 3,3 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
zhouxueli:x:500:500:zhouxueli:/home/zhouxueli:/bin/bash
sc:x:501:501::/home/sc:/bin/bash
bimm:x:502:503::/home/bimm:/bin/bash
cangls:x:503:504::/home/cangls:/bin/bash
st:x:504:506::/home/st:/bin/bash
lamp:x:505:508::/home/lamp:/bin/bash
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# 
[root@localhost ~]# sort -n -t ":" -k 3,3 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
rpcuser:x:29:29:RPC Service User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
rpc:x:32:32:Rpcbind Daemon:/var/lib/rpcbind:/sbin/nologin
ntp:x:38:38::/etc/ntp:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/lib/gdm:/sbin/nologin
apache:x:48:48:Apache:/var/www:/sbin/nologin
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
vcsa:x:69:69:virtual console memory owner:/dev:/sbin/nologin
tcpdump:x:72:72::/:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
postfix:x:89:89::/var/spool/postfix:/sbin/nologin
nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
usbmuxd:x:113:113:usbmuxd user:/:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:170:170:Avahi IPv4LL Stack:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
abrt:x:173:173::/etc/abrt:/sbin/nologin
pulse:x:497:496:PulseAudio System Daemon:/var/run/pulse:/sbin/nologin
saslauth:x:498:76:Saslauthd user:/var/empty/saslauth:/sbin/nologin
rtkit:x:499:499:RealtimeKit:/proc:/sbin/nologin
zhouxueli:x:500:500:zhouxueli:/home/zhouxueli:/bin/bash
sc:x:501:501::/home/sc:/bin/bash
bimm:x:502:503::/home/bimm:/bin/bash
cangls:x:503:504::/home/cangls:/bin/bash
st:x:504:506::/home/st:/bin/bash
lamp:x:505:508::/home/lamp:/bin/bash
nfsnobody:x:65534:65534:Anonymous NFS User:/var/lib/nfs:/sbin/nologin
[root@localhost ~]# 

2、统计命令wc

[root@localhost ~]# wc [选项]  文件名

选项：

-l   :只统计行数

-w  :只统计单词数

-m  :只统计字符数

[root@localhost ~]# wc -l /etc/passwd
39 /etc/passwd
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
                       18G  7.8G  8.5G  48% /
tmpfs                 931M   76K  931M   1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   41M  411M   9% /boot
/dev/sdb1             2.0G  3.1M  1.9G   1% /disk1
/dev/sdb5             2.0G  3.1M  1.9G   1% /disk5
/dev/sr0              1.1G  1.1G     0 100% /media/Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS amd64
[root@localhost ~]# df -h | wc -l
8
[root@localhost ~]#