MySQL CHECK约束

在 MySQL 中，直到 MySQL 8.0.16 版本之前，标准 SQL 的 CHECK 约束并未被完全支持。然而，从 MySQL 8.0.16 开始，CHECK 约束在表定义中得到了支持，允许你定义列中必须满足的条件。

使用 CHECK 约束，你可以确保在插入或更新记录时，某列或某组列的值满足特定的条件。

以下是如何在 MySQL 中使用 CHECK 约束

1、MySQL5.7.X CHECK 约束

MySQL5.7.X CHECK 约束是无效的，只做检查CHECK ，不强制CHECK

1.1、测试用例

在这个示例中，我们创建了一个名为 t_check 的表，其中有一个c_age 列。CHECK约束确保c_age 列的值在大于等于18。

select @@version 检查MySQL版本信息

mysql> select @@version;
+------------+
| @@version  |
+------------+
| 5.7.28-log |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> status
--------------
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.28, for linux-glibc2.12 (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper

Connection id:          2
Current database:       superdb
Current user:           root@localhost
SSL:                    Not in use
Current pager:          stdout
Using outfile:          ''
Using delimiter:        ;
Server version:         5.7.28-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Protocol version:       10
Connection:             Localhost via UNIX socket
Server characterset:    utf8
Db     characterset:    utf8
Client characterset:    utf8
Conn.  characterset:    utf8
UNIX socket:            /tmp/mysql.sock
Uptime:                 6 min 59 sec

Threads: 1  Questions: 18  Slow queries: 0  Opens: 111  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 26  Queries per second avg: 0.042
--------------

create table t_check
( id int not null primary key,
  c_name varchar(32),
  c_age int check(c_age>=18)
);
-- insert 
mysql> insert into t_check values(1,'column_check_001',18);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> insert into t_check values(2,'column_check_002',17);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into t_check values(3,'column_check_003',30);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t_check;
+----+------------------+-------+
| id | c_name           | c_age |
+----+------------------+-------+
|  1 | column_check_001 |    18 |
|  2 | column_check_002 |    17 |
|  3 | column_check_003 |    30 |
+----+------------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2、MySQL8.X CHECK 约束

MySQL8.0.X check是有效的，做检查CHECK ,强制CHECK

2.1、创建表t_check，插入满足 CHECK 约束的数据

在这个示例中，我们创建了一个名为 t_check 的表，其中有一个c_age 列。CHECK约束确保c_age 列的值在大于等于18。

mysql> create table t_check
-> ( id int not null primary key,
->   c_name varchar(32),
->   c_age int check(c_age>=18)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
mysql> insert into t_check values(1,'column_check_001',18);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

2.2、尝试插入不满足 CHECK 约束的数据：

mysql> insert into t_check values(2,'column_check_002',17);
ERROR 3819 (HY000): Check constraint 't_check_chk_1' is violated.

2.3、插入满足 CHECK 约束的数据

mysql> insert into t_check values(3,'column_check_003',30);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from t_check;
+----+------------------+-------+
| id | c_name           | c_age |
+----+------------------+-------+
|  1 | column_check_001 |    18 |
|  3 | column_check_003 |    30 |
+----+------------------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.4、给已经创建好的表增加约束

create table t_check2
( id int not null primary key,
  c_name varchar(32),
  c_age int
);
alter table t_check2 add constraint check(c_age>=18);

insert into t_check2 values(1,'column_check_001',18);
insert into t_check2 values(2,'column_check_002',17);
insert into t_check2 values(3,'column_check_003',30);
commit;
select * from t_check2;

同上用例测试 MySQL8.0 ,check有效检查并强制约束，执行效果如下

mysql> insert into t_check2 values(2,'column_check_002',17);
ERROR 3819 (HY000): Check constraint 't_check2_chk_1' is violated.

3、约束的相关查询及管理

3.1、8.0.X 视图information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS

SELECT * FROM information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS ;

mysql> SELECT  * FROM  information_schema.CHECK_CONSTRAINTS ;  
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CONSTRAINT_NAME | CHECK_CLAUSE    |
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| def                | db01              | t_check2_chk_1  | (`c_age` >= 18) |
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

select * from information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
where CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA=‘superdb’
and TABLE_NAME=‘t_check2’;

mysql> select  * from  information_schema.TABLE_CONSTRAINTS
    -> where CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA='superdb'
    -> and TABLE_NAME='t_check2';
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------+----------+
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CONSTRAINT_NAME | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | CONSTRAINT_TYPE | ENFORCED |
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------+----------+
| def                | superdb           | PRIMARY         | superdb      | t_check2   | PRIMARY KEY     | YES      |
| def                | superdb           | t_check2_chk_1  | superdb      | t_check2   | CHECK           | YES      |
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+--------------+------------+-----------------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.2、查看表的主键约束信息

select * from information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
where CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA=‘superdb’
and TABLE_NAME=‘t_check’;

mysql> select * from information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE kcu
    -> where  CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA='superdb'
    -> and  TABLE_NAME='t_check';
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------------+-------------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+------------------------+
| CONSTRAINT_CATALOG | CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA | CONSTRAINT_NAME | TABLE_CATALOG | TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | COLUMN_NAME | ORDINAL_POSITION | POSITION_IN_UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT | REFERENCED_TABLE_SCHEMA | REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME | REFERENCED_COLUMN_NAME |
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------------+-------------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+------------------------+
| def                | superdb           | PRIMARY         | def           | superdb      | t_check    | id          |                1 |                          NULL | NULL                    | NULL                  | NULL                   |
+--------------------+-------------------+-----------------+---------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------------+-------------------------------+-------------------------+---

3.3、查看表的外键约束信息

select * from information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc
where CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA=‘superdb’
and TABLE_NAME=‘t_check’;

mysql> select  * from  information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS rc
    -> where CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA='superdb'
    -> and  TABLE_NAME='t_check';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
-- 因没有外键约束,查出为空

4、 删除 CHECK 约束：

要删除一个 CHECK 约束，你需要知道它的名字（如果在创建时指定了的话）。但如果你没有指定名字，你可能需要删除整个表并重新创建它，或者使用其他方法（如触发器）来模拟 CHECK 约束的行为。

mysql> alter table t_check2 drop constraint t_check2_chk_1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

再次插入之前不满足条件的数据，则执行成功

mysql> insert into t_check2 values(2,'column_check_002',17);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> commit;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t_check2;
+----+------------------+-------+
| id | c_name           | c_age |
+----+------------------+-------+
|  1 | column_check_001 |    18 |
|  2 | column_check_002 |    17 |
|  3 | column_check_003 |    30 |
+----+------------------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5、在多个列上使用 CHECK 约束：

你也可以在多个列上使用 CHECK 约束，例如：

CREATE TABLE t_students (  
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,  
    age INT,  
    grade CHAR(1),  
    CHECK (age >= 0 AND age <= 100),  
    CHECK (grade IN ('A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F'))  
);

在这个示例中，我们添加了一个额外的 CHECK 约束来确保 grade 列的值是 ‘A’、‘B’、‘C’、‘D’ 或 ‘F’ 中的一个。