传送门
解析:
这种东西显然需要直接上斐波那契通项公式。
设 x = 1 + 5 2 , y = 1 − 5 2 , z = 1 5 x=\frac{1+\sqrt 5}{2},y=\frac{1-\sqrt 5}{2},z=\frac{1}{\sqrt 5} x=21+5,y=21−5,z=51,则我们要求的就是这个东西:
A n s = ∑ i = 1 n z k ⋅ ( x i − y i ) k Ans=\sum_{i=1}^{n}z^k\cdot(x^i-y^i)^k Ans=i=1∑nzk⋅(xi−yi)k
上二项式定理展开,发现是一个等比数列求和,可以得到:
A n s = z k ⋅ ∑ i = 1 k ( − 1 ) k − i ( k i ) a i n + 1 − a a i − 1 Ans=z^k\cdot\sum_{i=1}^k(-1)^{k-i}{k\choose i}\frac{a_i^{n+1}-a}{a_i-1} Ans=zk⋅i=1∑k(−1)k−i(ik)ai−1ain+1−a
其中 a i = x i ⋅ y k − i a_i=x^i\cdot y^{k-i} ai=xi⋅yk−i
注意对于 a i = 1 a_i=1 ai=1的情况我们需要特殊处理一下。
而 5 5 5的二次剩余我们随便求一下得到: 61699199 3 2 ≡ 5 ( m o d 1 e 9 + 9 ) 616991993^2\equiv 5\pmod {1e9+9} 6169919932≡5(mod1e9+9)
代码:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define ll long long
#define re register
#define gc get_char
#define cs const
namespace IO{
inline char get_char(){
static cs int Rlen=1<<20|1;
static char buf[Rlen],*p1,*p2;
return (p1==p2)&&(p2=(p1=buf)+fread(buf,1,Rlen,stdin),p1==p2)?EOF:*p1++;
}
inline ll getint(){
re char c;
while(!isdigit(c=gc()));re ll num=c^48;
while(isdigit(c=gc()))num=(num+(num<<2)<<1)+(c^48);
return num;
}
}
using namespace IO;
using std::cout;
using std::cerr;
cs int mod=1e9+9,sq5=616991993,inv2=(mod+1)/2;
inline int add(int a,int b){return a+b>=mod?a+b-mod:a+b;}
inline int dec(int a,int b){return a<b?a-b+mod:a-b;}
inline int mul(int a,int b){return (ll)a*b%mod;}
inline int quickpow(int a,int b,int res=1){
while(b){
if(b&1)res=mul(res,a);
a=mul(a,a);
b>>=1;
}
return res;
}
template<class ...Args>
inline int mul(int a,Args ...args){return mul(a,mul(args...));}
template<class ...Args>
inline int add(int a,Args ...args){return add(a,add(args...));}
cs int P=1e5+5;
int fac[P],ifac[P],inv[P],x[P],y[P];
inline int C(int n,int m){return mul(fac[n],ifac[m],ifac[n-m]);}
signed main(){
x[0]=y[0]=fac[0]=ifac[0]=fac[1]=ifac[1]=inv[0]=inv[1]=1;
x[1]=(sq5+1)/2;
y[1]=mul(mod+1-sq5,inv2);
for(int re i=2;i<P;++i){
fac[i]=mul(fac[i-1],i);
inv[i]=mul(inv[mod%i],mod-mod/i);
ifac[i]=mul(ifac[i-1],inv[i]);
x[i]=mul(x[i-1],x[1]);
y[i]=mul(y[i-1],y[1]);
}
int q=getint();
while(q--){
ll n=getint(),k=getint(),ans=0;
for(int re i=0;i<=k;++i){
int a=mul(x[i],y[k-i]),val;
if(a==1)val=mul(n%mod,C(k,i));
else val=mul(C(k,i),dec(quickpow(a,(n+1)%(mod-1)),a),quickpow(a-1,mod-2));
if((k-i)&1)ans=dec(ans,val);
else ans=add(ans,val);
}
cout<<mul(ans,quickpow(quickpow(sq5,k),mod-2))<<"\n";
}
return 0;
}