Python 实现贪心算法

贪心算法是一种在每一步选择中都采取当前最优解的算法，期望通过局部最优解达到全局最优解。下面是几个经典的贪心算法问题以及其 Python 实现。

1. 活动选择问题 (Activity Selection Problem)

活动选择问题是给定多个活动的开始和结束时间，选择尽可能多的活动，使得这些活动互不冲突。

def activity_selection(start_times, end_times):
    activities = sorted(zip(start_times, end_times), key=lambda x: x[1])
    selected_activities = []
    last_end_time = 0

    for start, end in activities:
        if start >= last_end_time:
            selected_activities.append((start, end))
            last_end_time = end

    return selected_activities

# Example usage
start_times = [1, 3, 0, 5, 8, 5]
end_times = [2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 9]
print(activity_selection(start_times, end_times))

2. 分数背包问题 (Fractional Knapsack Problem)

分数背包问题是给定一组物品，每个物品有一定的重量和价值，背包有固定的容量，要求在不超过背包容量的前提下，最大化背包内物品的总价值。不同于 0-1 背包问题，这里可以选择部分物品。

def fractional_knapsack(weights, values, capacity):
    index = list(range(len(values)))
    ratio = [v / w for v, w in zip(values, weights)]
    index.sort(key=lambda i: ratio[i], reverse=True)

    max_value = 0
    for i in index:
        if weights[i] <= capacity:
            max_value += values[i]
            capacity -= weights[i]
        else:
            max_value += values[i] * (capacity / weights[i])
            break

    return max_value

# Example usage
weights = [10, 20, 30]
values = [60, 100, 120]
capacity = 50
print(fractional_knapsack(weights, values, capacity))

3. 霍夫曼编码 (Huffman Coding)

霍夫曼编码是一种用于数据压缩的贪心算法，通过构建一棵前缀树（霍夫曼树）来实现数据的无损压缩。

import heapq

class Node:
    def __init__(self, freq, symbol, left=None, right=None):
        self.freq = freq
        self.symbol = symbol
        self.left = left
        self.right = right
        self.huff = ''

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return self.freq < other.freq

def huffman_coding(symbols, frequencies):
    heap = [Node(freq, symbol) for symbol, freq in zip(symbols, frequencies)]
    heapq.heapify(heap)

    while len(heap) > 1:
        left = heapq.heappop(heap)
        right = heapq.heappop(heap)

        left.huff = '0'
        right.huff = '1'

        new_node = Node(left.freq + right.freq, left.symbol + right.symbol, left, right)
        heapq.heappush(heap, new_node)

    def get_codes(node, val=''):
        new_val = val + node.huff
        if node.left is None and node.right is None:
            return {node.symbol: new_val}
        codes = {}
        if node.left:
            codes.update(get_codes(node.left, new_val))
        if node.right:
            codes.update(get_codes(node.right, new_val))
        return codes

    root = heap[0]
    return get_codes(root)

# Example usage
symbols = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F']
frequencies = [5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 45]
codes = huffman_coding(symbols, frequencies)
print(codes)

这些例子展示了如何在不同问题中应用贪心算法。每个问题都通过局部最优选择，期望达到全局最优解。