写在前面
这一部分学习Cookies。学了几天,感觉效率还是不太高,应该是拘泥于太多细节了。有一些东西现在看不太懂,但是后面慢慢就应该自然而然懂了。但是这样最起码没坏处,没坏处就一直做下去。
Cookies
URL重写和隐藏域仅适合保存无须跨越太多页面的信息。 如果需要在多个页面间传递信息, 则以上两种技术实现成本高昂, 因为你不得不在每个页面都进行相应处理。 幸运的是, Cookies技术可以帮助我们。
Cookies是一个很少的信息片段, 可自动地在浏览器和Web服务器间交互, 因此cookies可存储在多个页面间传递的信息。 Cookie作为HTTP header的一部分, 其传输由HTTP协议控制。 此外, 你可以控制cookies的有效时间。 浏览器通常支持每个网站高达20个cookies。
Cookies的问题在于用户可以通过改变其浏览器设置来拒绝接受cookies。
Cookies的创建
可以通过传递name和value两个参数给Cookie 类的构造函数来创建一个cookies:
Cookie cookie = new Cookie(name, value);
例如,创建一个语言属性的Cookies,示例代码如下:
Cookie languageSelectionCookie = new Cookie("language", "Italian");
创建完一个Cookie对象后, 你可以设置domain、path和maxAge属性。 其中, maxAge 属性决定cookie何时过期。
Cookies的发送与读取
要将cookie发送到浏览器, 需要调用HttpServletResponse的add方法:
httpServletResponse.addCookie(cookie);
浏览器在访问同一Web服务器时, 会将之前收到的cookie一并发送。
此外, Cookies也可以通过客户端的javascript脚本创建和删除, 不过这些不在本书范围内。
服务端若要读取浏览器提交的cookie, 可以通过HttpServletRequest接口的getCookies方法, 该方法返回一个Cookie数组, 若没有cookies则返回null。
获取与删除特定Cookies
获取特定Cookies需要遍历一遍getCookies方法获得的Cookies数组,例如,查询名为maxRecords的cookies的示例:
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
Cookie maxRecordsCookie = null;
if (cookies != null) {
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if (cookie.getName().equals("maxRecords")) {
maxRecordsCookie = cookie;
break;
}
}
}
要直接删除Cookies也还没有此类方法,只能创建一个同名的cookie, 并将maxAge属性设置为0, 并添加到HttpServletResponse接口中。 如下为删除一个名为userName的cookie代码:
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("userName", "");
cookie.setMaxAge(0);
response.addCookie(cookie);
实例代码
PreferenceServlet类向浏览器输出一个表单,用户提交表单时,Web服务器会会调用PreferenceServlet的doPost方法, 该方法创建4个cookies, 即maxRecords、 titleFontSize、 titleFontStyle和titleFontWeight, 并覆盖该cookie之前的值, 然后将用户输入的值返回给浏览器。
表单上方有3个链接: Cookie Class、 Cookie Info和Preference。 它们可以导航到本应用的其他Servlet上。关于Cookie Class和Cookie Info,分别对应后面的CookiesClassServlet与CookiesInfoServlet类。
CookieClassServlet 和CookieInfoServlet 各自应用这些cookie来格式化其内容。 CookieClassServlet将Cookie的属性展示为一个HTML列表。
Cookie中的max Records值决定显示多少个列表项, 可通过Preference Servlet调整该值。
可通过URL调用PreferenceServlet。
PreferenceServlet
package app02a.cookie;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
@WebServlet(name = "PreferenceServlet", urlPatterns = { "/preference" })
public class PreferenceServlet extends HttpServlet{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 888L;
public static final String MENU = "<div style='background:#e8e8e8;"
+ "padding:15px'>"
+ "<a href='cookieClass'>Cookie Class</a> "
+ "<a href='cookieInfo'>Cookie Info</a> "
+ "<a href='preference'>Preference</a>"
+ "</div>";
@Override
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.print("<html><head>" + "<title>Preference</title>"
+ "<style>table {"
+ "font-size:small;"
+ "background:NavajoWhite }</style>"
+ "</head><body>"
+ MENU
+ "Please select the values below:"
+ "<form method='post'>"
+ "<table>"
+ "<tr><td>Title Font Size: </td>"
+ "<td><select name='titleFontSize'>"
+ "<option>large</option>"
+ "<option>x-large</option>"
+ "<option>xx-large</option>"
+ "</select></td>"
+ "</tr>"
+ "<tr><td>Title Style & Weight: </td>"
+ "<td><select name='titleStyleAndWeight' multiple>"
+ "<option>italic</option>"
+ "<option>bold</option>"
+ "</select></td>"
+ "</tr>"
+ "<tr><td>Max. Records in Table: </td>"
+ "<td><select name='maxRecords'>"
+ "<option>5</option>"
+ "<option>10</option>"
+ "</select></td>"
+ "</tr>"
+ "<tr><td rowspan='2'>"
+ "<input type='submit' value='Set'/></td>"
+ "</tr>"
+ "</table>" + "</form>" + "</body></html>");
}
@Override
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String maxRecords = request.getParameter("maxRecords");
String[] titleStyleAndWeight = request.getParameterValues("titleStyleAndWeight");
String titleFontSize = request.getParameter("titleFontSize");
response.addCookie(new Cookie("maxRecords", maxRecords));
response.addCookie(new Cookie("titleFontSize", titleFontSize));
// delete titleFontWeight and titleFontStyle cookies first
// Delete cookie by adding a cookie with the maxAge = 0;
Cookie cookie = new Cookie("titleFontWeight", "");
cookie.setMaxAge(0);
response.addCookie(cookie);
if (titleStyleAndWeight != null) {
for (String style : titleStyleAndWeight) {
if (style.equals("bold")) {
response.addCookie(new Cookie("titleFontWeight", "bold"));
} else if (style.equals("italic")) {
response.addCookie(new Cookie("titleFontStyle","italic"));
}
}
}
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.println("<html><head>" + "<title>Preference</title>"
+ "</head><body>"
+ MENU
+ "Your preference has been set."
+ "<br/><br/>Max. Records in Table: " + maxRecords
+ "<br/>Title Font Size: " + titleFontSize
+ "<br/>Title Font Style & Weight: ");
// titleStyleAndWeight will be null if none of the options
// was selected
if (titleStyleAndWeight != null) {
writer.println("<ul>");
for (String style : titleStyleAndWeight) {
writer.print("<li>" + style + "</li>");
}
writer.println("</ul>");
}
writer.println("</body></html>");
}
}
CookieClassServlet
package app02a.cookie;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
@WebServlet(name = "CookieClassServlet", urlPatterns = { "/cookieClass" })
public class CookieClassServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 837369L;
private String[] methods = {
"clone", "getComment", "getDomain",
"getMaxAge", "getName", "getPath",
"getSecure", "getValue", "getVersion",
"isHttpOnly", "setComment", "setDomain",
"setHttpOnly", "setMaxAge", "setPath",
"setSecure", "setValue", "setVersion"
};
@Override
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
Cookie maxRecordsCookie = null;
if (cookies != null) {
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if (cookie.getName().equals("maxRecords")) {
maxRecordsCookie = cookie;
break;
}
}
}
int maxRecords = 5; // default
if (maxRecordsCookie != null) {
try {
maxRecords = Integer.parseInt(maxRecordsCookie.getValue());
} catch (NumberFormatException e) {
// do nothing, use maxRecords default value
}
}
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.print("<html><head>"
+ "<title>Cookie Class</title>"
+ "</head><body>"
+ PreferenceServlet.MENU
+ "<div>Here are some of the methods in "
+ "javax.servlet.http.Cookie");
writer.print("<ul>");
for (int i = 0; i < maxRecords; i++) {
writer.print("<li>" + methods[i] + "</li>");
}
writer.print("</ul>");
writer.print("</div></body></html>");
}
}
CookieInfoServlet
CookieInfoServlet 类读取titleFontSize、titleFontWeight和titleFontStyle 三个cookie值, 并写入到如下发给浏览器的CSS中, 其中x、 y和z分别为如上所提的cookie。
该style应用在一个div元素中, 并格式化文字“Session Management with Cookies:”。
package app02a.cookie;
import java.io.IOException;import java.io.PrintWriter;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.Cookie;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
@WebServlet(name = "CookieInfoServlet", urlPatterns = { "/cookieInfo" })
public class CookieInfoServlet extends HttpServlet {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 3829L;
@Override
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException,IOException {
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
StringBuilder styles = new StringBuilder();
styles.append(".title {");
if (cookies != null) {
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
String name = cookie.getName();
String value = cookie.getValue();
if (name.equals("titleFontSize")) {
styles.append("font-size:" + value + ";");
} else if (name.equals("titleFontWeight")) {
styles.append("font-weight:" + value + ";");
} else if (name.equals("titleFontStyle")) {
styles.append("font-style:" + value + ";");
}
}
}
styles.append("}");
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter writer = response.getWriter();
writer.print("<html><head>" + "<title>Cookie Info</title>"
+ "<style>" + styles.toString() + "</style>"
+ "</head><body>" + PreferenceServlet.MENU
+ "<div class='title'>"
+ "Session Management with Cookies:</div>");writer.print("<div>");
// cookies will be null if there's no cookie
if (cookies == null) {
writer.print("No cookie in this HTTP response.");
} else {
writer.println("<br/>Cookies in this HTTP response:");
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
writer.println("<br/>" + cookie.getName() + ":"
+ cookie.getValue());
}
}
writer.print("</div>");
writer.print("</body></html>");
}
}