CONNECT BY Example The following hierarchical query uses theCONNECT
BY
clause to define the relationship between employees and managers:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, manager_id FROM employees CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id; EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME MANAGER_ID ----------- ------------------------- ---------- 101 Kochhar 100 108 Greenberg 101 109 Faviet 108 110 Chen 108 111 Sciarra 108 112 Urman 108 113 Popp 108 200 Whalen 101 203 Mavris 101 204 Baer 101 . . .
LEVEL Example The next example is similar to the preceding example, but uses the LEVEL
pseudocolumn to show parent and child rows:
SELECT employee_id, last_name, manager_id, LEVEL FROM employees CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id; EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME MANAGER_ID LEVEL ----------- ------------------------- ---------- ---------- 101 Kochhar 100 1 108 Greenberg 101 2 109 Faviet 108 3 110 Chen 108 3 111 Sciarra 108 3 112 Urman 108 3 113 Popp 108 3 200 Whalen 101 2 203 Mavris 101 2 204 Baer 101 2 205 Higgins 101 2 206 Gietz 205 3 102 De Haan 100 1 ...
START WITH Examples The next example adds a START
WITH
clause to specify a root row for the hierarchy and an ORDER
BY
clause using the SIBLINGS
keyword to preserve ordering within the hierarchy:
SELECT last_name, employee_id, manager_id, LEVEL FROM employees START WITH employee_id = 100 CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name; LAST_NAME EMPLOYEE_ID MANAGER_ID LEVEL ------------------------- ----------- ---------- ---------- King 100 1 Cambrault 148 100 2 Bates 172 148 3 Bloom 169 148 3 Fox 170 148 3 Kumar 173 148 3 Ozer 168 148 3 Smith 171 148 3 De Haan 102 100 2 Hunold 103 102 3 Austin 105 103 4 Ernst 104 103 4 Lorentz 107 103 4 Pataballa 106 103 4 Errazuriz 147 100 2 Ande 166 147 3 Banda 167 147 3 ...
In the hr.employees
table, the employee Steven King is the head of the company and has no manager. Among his employees is John Russell, who is the manager of department 80. If you update the employees
table to set Russell as King's manager, you create a loop in the data:
UPDATE employees SET manager_id = 145 WHERE employee_id = 100; SELECT last_name "Employee", LEVEL, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path" FROM employees WHERE level <= 3 AND department_id = 80 START WITH last_name = 'King' CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id AND LEVEL <= 4; ERROR: ORA-01436: CONNECT BY loop in user data
The NOCYCLE
parameter in the CONNECT
BY
condition causes Oracle to return the rows in spite of the loop. The CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE
pseudocolumn shows you which rows contain the cycle:
SELECT last_name "Employee", CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE "Cycle", LEVEL, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path" FROM employees WHERE level <= 3 AND department_id = 80 START WITH last_name = 'King' CONNECT BY NOCYCLE PRIOR employee_id = manager_id AND LEVEL <= 4 ORDER BY "Employee", "Cycle", LEVEL, "Path"; Employee Cycle LEVEL Path ------------------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------- Abel 0 3 /King/Zlotkey/Abel Ande 0 3 /King/Errazuriz/Ande Banda 0 3 /King/Errazuriz/Banda Bates 0 3 /King/Cambrault/Bates Bernstein 0 3 /King/Russell/Bernstein Bloom 0 3 /King/Cambrault/Bloom Cambrault 0 2 /King/Cambrault Cambrault 0 3 /King/Russell/Cambrault Doran 0 3 /King/Partners/Doran Errazuriz 0 2 /King/Errazuriz Fox 0 3 /King/Cambrault/Fox ...
CONNECT_BY_ROOT Examples The following example returns the last name of each employee in department 110, each manager above that employee in the hierarchy, the number of levels between manager and employee, and the path between the two:
SELECT last_name "Employee", CONNECT_BY_ROOT last_name "Manager", LEVEL-1 "Pathlen", SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path" FROM employees WHERE LEVEL > 1 and department_id = 110 CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id ORDER BY "Employee", "Manager", "Pathlen", "Path"; Employee Manager Pathlen Path --------------- --------------- ---------- ------------------------------ Gietz Higgins 1 /Higgins/Gietz Gietz King 3 /King/Kochhar/Higgins/Gietz Gietz Kochhar 2 /Kochhar/Higgins/Gietz Higgins King 2 /King/Kochhar/Higgins Higgins Kochhar 1 /Kochhar/Higgins
The following example uses a GROUP
BY
clause to return the total salary of each employee in department 110 and all employees below that employee in the hierarchy:
SELECT name, SUM(salary) "Total_Salary" FROM ( SELECT CONNECT_BY_ROOT last_name as name, Salary FROM employees WHERE department_id = 110 CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id) GROUP BY name ORDER BY name, "Total_Salary"; NAME Total_Salary ------------------------- ------------ Gietz 8300 Higgins 20300 King 20300 Kochhar 20300