菱形继承（C++）

菱形继承

菱形继承：指有一个基类被两个不同的类所继承，且存在一个类继承于这两个类而形成的一种菱形关系，故称菱形继承。如下图所示：

如上图，Person类由Student类和Staff类继承，且有一个Stu_Staf类继承这两个类。代码结构会是这样的：

class Person
{
public:
	string name;
	string id;
	int age;
	string sex;
	Person(string na,string idd,int n,string se):name(na),id(idd),age(n),sex(se)
	{
		cout << "Person()" << endl;
	}
	~Person() { cout << "~Person()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		cout << "name:" << name << endl;
		cout << "id:" << id << endl;
		cout << "age:" << age << endl;
		cout << "sex:" << sex << endl;
	}

};

class Student:public Person
{
public:
	int stu_id;
	string school;
	Student(string na, string idd, int n,string se,int sid,string sc):Person(na,idd,n,se),stu_id(sid),school(sc)
	{
		cout << "Student()" << endl;
	}
	~Student() { cout << "~Student()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		Person::print();
		cout << "stu_id:" << stu_id << endl;
		cout << "school:" << school << endl;
	}
};

class Staff :public Person
{
public:
	int staff_id;
	string positon;
	Staff(string na, string idd, int n,string se, int sid, string sc) :Person(na, idd, n,se), staff_id(sid), positon(sc)
	{
		cout << "Staff()" << endl;
	}
	~Staff() { cout << "~Staff()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		Person::print();
		cout << "stu_id:" << staff_id << endl;
		cout << "school:" << positon << endl;
	}
};

class Stu_staf :public Student, public Staff
{
public:
	Stu_staf(string na, string idd, int n,int sid, string sc, int tid, string po) :
		Student(na, idd, n, "男", sid, sc), Staff(na, idd, n, "女", tid, po)
	{
		cout << "Stu_staf()" << endl;
	}
	~Stu_staf() { cout << "~Stu_staf()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		Student::print();
		Staff::print();
	}
};
int main()
{
	Stu_staf st("lisa", "610134571", 18, 19310671, "xaufe", 9101, "程序员");
	st.print();
	return 0;
}

在上面的示例中，我专门将Student的性别设置为男，Staff的性别设置为女，则会出现一个Stu_staf实例的属性二义性的问题：

并且，当我们想对Person类的属性进行赋值时，就会出现属性冲突，因为编译器并不清楚你要给Student类继承Person中的age赋值还是Staff类继承Person的age赋值，因此编译器会直接不通过，如下：

因为此时，Stu_staf类的内存分布是这样的：

可以看到，一个Stu_staf类对象是有两份Person类成员数据的，因此，编译器无法判断你需要使用的是哪一个，故会出现冲突。
那么如何解决这个问题呢？这就引入了虚继承。（上一篇博客中已经讲过它的定义了，就不赘述了）

具体来看看怎么解决这个问题：

class Person
{
public:
	string name;
	string id;
	int age;
	string sex;
	Person(string na,string idd,int n,string se):name(na),id(idd),age(n),sex(se)
	{
		cout << "Person()" << endl;
	}
	~Person() { cout << "~Person()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		cout << "name:" << name << endl;
		cout << "id:" << id << endl;
		cout << "age:" << age << endl;
		cout << "sex:" << sex << endl;
	}

};

class Student:virtual public Person
{
public:
	int stu_id;
	string school;
	Student(string na, string idd, int n,string se,int sid,string sc):Person(na,idd,n,se),stu_id(sid),school(sc)
	{
		cout << "Student()" << endl;
	}
	~Student() { cout << "~Student()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		Person::print();
		cout << "stu_id:" << stu_id << endl;
		cout << "school:" << school << endl;
	}
};

class Staff :virtual public Person
{
public:
	int staff_id;
	string positon;
	Staff(string na, string idd, int n,string se, int sid, string sc) :Person(na, idd, n,se), staff_id(sid), positon(sc)
	{
		cout << "Staff()" << endl;
	}
	~Staff() { cout << "~Staff()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		Person::print();
		cout << "stu_id:" << staff_id << endl;
		cout << "school:" << positon << endl;
	}
};

class Stu_staf :public Student, public Staff
{
public:
	Stu_staf(string na, string idd, int n,int sid, string sc, int tid, string po) :Person(na, idd, n, "男"),
		Student(na, idd, n, "女", sid, sc), Staff(na, idd, n, "女", tid, po)
	{
		cout << "Stu_staf()" << endl;
	}
	~Stu_staf() { cout << "~Stu_staf()" << endl; }
	void print()
	{
		Student::print();
		Staff::print();
	}
};

这个时候，他会依照最早的顺序来进行构造，且不会出现二义性问题和冲突，Person类的属性也可以进行赋值了：


菱形继承问题就很好的解决了。

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