用C++实现数据总线的方法系列(上)：基本概念&同步队列

用C++实现数据总线的方法系列(上)：基本概念&同步队列

原文链接：link.
本文主要介绍多线程中数据同步的方法，技术包括：线程锁，同步变量，原子变量，消息处理等；以及三种同步队列的实现方法。

1.std::unique_lock

与std:::lock_gurad基本一致，但更加灵活的锁管理类模板，构造时是否加锁是可选的，在对象析构时如果持有锁会自动释放锁，所有权可以转移。对象生命期内允许手动加锁和释放锁。但提供了更好的上锁和解锁控制接口(lock，try_lock，try_lock_for，try_lock_until 和unlock)

2.条件变量

条件变量可以阻塞一个或多个线程，直到收到另外一个线程发出的通知，或者超时了才会唤醒当前阻塞的线程。
类型

condition_variable，配合std::unique_lock<std::mutex>进行操作
condition_variable_any，配合任意带有lock，unlock语义的mutex进行操作
    比较灵活，更通用，对所有的锁都适用
    效率比condition_variable差

成员函数

notify_one 通知一个等待线程(public)
notify_all 通知所有等待线程(public)

notify_one()和notify_all()都是Object对象用于通知处在等待该对象的线程的方法，但notify_one是通知一个线程获取锁，notify_all是通知所有相关的线程去竞争锁。

wait 阻塞当前线程直至条件变量被唤醒(public)
wait_for 阻塞当前线程直至条件变量被唤醒或超时(public)
wait_until 阻塞当前线程直至条件变量被唤醒或直到指定的时间点(public)

执行过程

拥有条件变量的线程首先获取互斥量然后循环检查某个条件，如果条件不满足，释放互斥量，同时阻塞该线程直到条件满足；如果条件满足，则向下执行。
另一个线程获取互斥量，执行完成后调用条件变量的notify_one或notify_all唤醒一个或者所有等待线程。

简洁写法及wait机制

std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(m_mtRun);
m_cvRun.wait(lck, [this]{ return m_runDown; });

条件变量首先检查判断式是否满足条件，例如上例中的m_runDown是否为true如果不满足条件，释放mutex，将线程置为wait状态，继续等待唤醒如果满足条件，重新获取mutex，线程结束wait状态，继续向下执行这里需要注意的是，wait状态的线程被唤醒，但判断式不满足条件，即假唤醒，条件变量将继续释放mutex，将线程置为wait状态，继续等待下一次的唤醒

基本示例-wait, wait_for和假唤醒

#include <iostream>                
#include <thread>               
#include <mutex>         
#include <list>
#include <condition_variable>   
#include <windows.h>

bool                     completed;
std::mutex               mtRun;
std::condition_variable  cvRun;

void Wait()
{
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtRun);

    std::cout <<"Thread_"<<std::this_thread::get_id() << " is waiting..." << std::endl;
    cvRun.wait(lck, []() {
        return completed;
    });

    std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << " is completed" << std::endl;
}

void Wait_For()
{
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtRun);

    std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << " is waiting..." << std::endl;
    if (!cvRun.wait_for(lck, std::chrono::seconds(4), []() {
    //if (!cvRun.wait_for(lck, std::chrono::seconds(2), []() {
        return completed;
    }))
    {
        std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << " time out!" << std::endl;
    }
    else
    {
        std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << " is completed" << std::endl;
    }
}

void Completed()
{
    {
        std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << " set completed" << std::endl;
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtRun);
        completed = true;
    }
    cvRun.notify_all();
}

void FakeCompleted()
{
    {
        std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << " not set completed" << std::endl;
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtRun);
        completed = false;
    }
    cvRun.notify_all();
}

int main()
{
    //Wait
    completed = false;
    std::thread thWait(Wait);
    thWait.detach();
    Sleep(3000);
    std::thread thCompleted(Completed);
    thCompleted.join();
    Sleep(3000);
    //Waitfor
    //completed = false;
    //std::thread thWait(Wait_For);
    //thWait.detach();
    //Sleep(3000);
    //std::thread thCompleted(Completed);
    //thCompleted.join();
    //Sleep(3000);
    //Fake
    /*completed = false;
    std::thread thWait(Wait_For);
    thWait.detach();
    Sleep(3000);
    std::thread thCompleted(FakeCompleted);
    thCompleted.join();
    Sleep(3000);*/
    return 0;
}

原子变量

使用原子变量不需要使用互斥量来保护这个变量，使用更简洁。
C++11提供个原子类型std::atomic< T >, 可以使用任意类型作为参数模板，同时也内置了基础类型的原子变量。

typedef atomic<bool> atomic_bool;
typedef atomic<char> atomic_char;
typedef atomic<signed char> atomic_schar;
typedef atomic<unsigned char> atomic_uchar;
typedef atomic<short> atomic_short;
typedef atomic<unsigned short> atomic_ushort;
typedef atomic<int> atomic_int;
typedef atomic<unsigned int> atomic_uint;
typedef atomic<long> atomic_long;
typedef atomic<unsigned long> atomic_ulong;
typedef atomic<long long> atomic_llong;
typedef atomic<unsigned long long> atomic_ullong;
typedef atomic<char16_t> atomic_char16_t;
typedef atomic<char32_t> atomic_char32_t;
typedef atomic<wchar_t> atomic_wchar_t;
typedef atomic<int8_t> atomic_int8_t;
typedef atomic<uint8_t> atomic_uint8_t;
typedef atomic<int16_t> atomic_int16_t;
typedef atomic<uint16_t> atomic_uint16_t;
typedef atomic<int32_t> atomic_int32_t;
typedef atomic<uint32_t> atomic_uint32_t;
typedef atomic<int64_t> atomic_int64_t;
typedef atomic<uint64_t> atomic_uint64_t;
typedef atomic<int_least8_t> atomic_int_least8_t;
typedef atomic<uint_least8_t> atomic_uint_least8_t;
typedef atomic<int_least16_t> atomic_int_least16_t;
typedef atomic<uint_least16_t> atomic_uint_least16_t;
typedef atomic<int_least32_t> atomic_int_least32_t;
typedef atomic<uint_least32_t> atomic_uint_least32_t;
typedef atomic<int_least64_t> atomic_int_least64_t;
typedef atomic<uint_least64_t> atomic_uint_least64_t;
typedef atomic<int_fast8_t> atomic_int_fast8_t;
typedef atomic<uint_fast8_t> atomic_uint_fast8_t;
typedef atomic<int_fast16_t> atomic_int_fast16_t;
typedef atomic<uint_fast16_t> atomic_uint_fast16_t;
typedef atomic<int_fast32_t> atomic_int_fast32_t;
typedef atomic<uint_fast32_t> atomic_uint_fast32_t;
typedef atomic<int_fast64_t> atomic_int_fast64_t;
typedef atomic<uint_fast64_t> atomic_uint_fast64_t;

typedef atomic<intptr_t> atomic_intptr_t;
typedef atomic<uintptr_t> atomic_uintptr_t;
typedef atomic<size_t> atomic_size_t;
typedef atomic<ptrdiff_t> atomic_ptrdiff_t;
typedef atomic<intmax_t> atomic_intmax_t;
typedef atomic<uintmax_t> atomic_uintmax_t;
//
typedef signed char        int8_t;
typedef short              int16_t;
typedef int                int32_t;
typedef long long          int64_t;
typedef unsigned char      uint8_t;
typedef unsigned short     uint16_t;
typedef unsigned int       uint32_t;
typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;

typedef signed char        int_least8_t;
typedef short              int_least16_t;
typedef int                int_least32_t;
typedef long long          int_least64_t;
typedef unsigned char      uint_least8_t;
typedef unsigned short     uint_least16_t;
typedef unsigned int       uint_least32_t;
typedef unsigned long long uint_least64_t;

typedef signed char        int_fast8_t;
typedef int                int_fast16_t;
typedef int                int_fast32_t;
typedef long long          int_fast64_t;
typedef unsigned char      uint_fast8_t;
typedef unsigned int       uint_fast16_t;
typedef unsigned int       uint_fast32_t;
typedef unsigned long long uint_fast64_t;

typedef long long          intmax_t;
typedef unsigned long long uintmax_t;

以下写法是一样

std::atomic_int                             m_standbyIdIndex;
std::atomic<int>                            m_standbyIdIndex;

call_once&once_flag

如果多个线程需要同时调用某个函数，std::call_once 可以保证多个线程对该函数只调用一次。需要一个std::once_flag作为std::call_once的入参

std::once_flag m_flag;
std::call_once(m_flag, [this](){StopExecute(); });

同步队列
基本同步队列

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>  
#include <mutex>         
#include <list>
#include <condition_variable>  
#include <windows.h>

class SyncQueue
{
public:
    SyncQueue()
    {

    }

    void Push(const int& x)
    {
        {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(m_mutex);
            m_queue.push_back(x);
        }
        m_notEmpty.notify_all();
    }

    void Pop(int& x)
    {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(m_mutex);
        m_notEmpty.wait(lck, [this]() {
            return !m_queue.empty();
        });
        x = m_queue.front();
        m_queue.pop_front();
    }

    bool Empty()
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(m_mutex);
        return m_queue.empty();
    }

    size_t Size()
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lck(m_mutex);
        return m_queue.size();
    }

private:
    std::list<int>          m_queue;
    std::mutex              m_mutex;
    std::condition_variable m_notEmpty;
};

SyncQueue queue;

void GetData()
{
    int x = 0;
    while (queue.Empty())
    {
        queue.Pop(x);
        std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << "---- Pop " << x << std::endl;
        if (x == 0)
        {
            break;
        }
    }
    std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << "---- Pop End!" << std::endl;
}

void SetData()
{
    for (int i = 10; i >= 0; i--)
    {
        Sleep(1000);
        std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << "---- Push " << i << std::endl;
        queue.Push(i);
    }
    Sleep(500);
    std::cout << "Thread_" << std::this_thread::get_id() << "---- Push End!" << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
    std::thread thGet(GetData);
    thGet.detach();
    std::thread thSet(SetData);
    thSet.join();
    return 0;
}
//output
Thread_27072---- Push 1
Thread_26712---- Pop 1
Thread_27072---- Push 2
Thread_26712---- Pop 2
Thread_27072---- Push 3
Thread_26712---- Pop 3
Thread_27072---- Push 4
Thread_26712---- Pop 4
Thread_27072---- Push 5
Thread_26712---- Pop 5
Thread_27072---- Push 6
Thread_26712---- Pop 6
Thread_27072---- Push 7
Thread_26712---- Pop 7
Thread_27072---- Push 8
Thread_26712---- Pop 8
Thread_27072---- Push 9
Thread_26712---- Pop 9
Thread_27072---- Push 10
Thread_26712---- Pop 10
Thread_26712---- Pop End!
Thread_27072---- Push End!