Nginx的rewrite(地址重定向)剖析

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-19 22:26:22 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-19 22:26:22 发布

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分类专栏： Nginx

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/zzddada/article/details/117747868

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1、rewrite语法：

　　指令语法：rewrite regex replacement[flag];

　　默认值：none

　　应用位置：server、location、if

　　rewrite是实现URL重定向的重要指令，他根据regex(正则表达式)来匹配内容跳转到replacement，结尾是flag标记

　　简单的小例子：

1	`rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.baidu.com/ permanent;` `# 匹配成功后跳转到百度，执行永久301跳转`

　　常用正则表达式：

字符	描述
\	将后面接着的字符标记为一个特殊字符或者一个原义字符或一个向后引用
^	匹配输入字符串的起始位置
$	匹配输入字符串的结束位置
*	匹配前面的字符零次或者多次
+	匹配前面字符串一次或者多次
?	匹配前面字符串的零次或者一次
.	匹配除“\n”之外的所有单个字符
(pattern)	匹配括号内的pattern

　　rewrite 最后一项flag参数：

标记符号	说明
last	本条规则匹配完成后继续向下匹配新的location URI规则
break	本条规则匹配完成后终止，不在匹配任何规则
redirect	返回302临时重定向
permanent	返回301永久重定向

2、应用场景：

调整用户浏览的URL，看起来规范
为了让搜索引擎收录网站内容，让用户体验更好
网站更换新域名后
根据特殊的变量、目录、客户端信息进行跳转

3、常用301跳转：

　　之前我们通过用起别名的方式做到了不同地址访问同一个虚拟主机的资源，现在我们可以用一个更好的方式做到这一点，那就是跳转的方法

　　还是用www.brian.com虚拟主机为例子，修改配置文件brian.conf：

复制代码

[root@Nginx www_date]# cat brian.conf 
    server {　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　# 添加个server区块做跳转
    listen     80;
    server_name  brian.com;
    rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.brian.com/$1 permanent;
    }
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  www.brian.com;
        location / {
            root   html/brian;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
        access_log logs/brian.log main gzip buffer=128k flush=5s; 
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
 }

复制代码

　　检查语法：

[root@Nginx conf]# 
[root@Nginx conf]# ../sbin/nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /opt/nginx//conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /opt/nginx//conf/nginx.conf test is successful

　　平滑重启：

1	`[root@Nginx conf]# ../sbin/nginx -s reload`

　　windows测试效果：

4、域名跳转：

　　我们不仅可以做相同虚拟主机的资源域名跳转，也能做不同虚拟主机的域名跳转，我们下面就跳转下当访问brian.com域名的时候跳转到www.baidu.com的页面：

　　修改www.brian.com虚拟主机的brian.conf配置文件：

复制代码

[root@Nginx www_date]# cat brian.conf 
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  brian.com;
        location / {
            root   html/brian;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }
    if ( $http_host ~* "^(.*)") {
        set $domain $1;
        rewrite ^(.*) http://www.baidu.com break;
    }
        access_log logs/brian.log main gzip buffer=128k flush=5s; 
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }
 }

复制代码

　　windows测试：(访问brian.com 跳转到了www.baidu.com)

nginx rewrite 参数和例子+常用Rewrite伪静态法则

正则表达式匹配，其中：

* ~ 为区分大小写匹配
* ~* 为不区分大小写匹配
* !~和!~*分别为区分大小写不匹配及不区分大小写不匹配
文件及目录匹配，其中：

* -f和!-f用来判断是否存在文件
* -d和!-d用来判断是否存在目录
* -e和!-e用来判断是否存在文件或目录
* -x和!-x用来判断文件是否可执行
flag标记有：

* last 相当于Apache里的[L]标记，表示完成rewrite
* break 终止匹配, 不再匹配后面的规则
* redirect 返回302临时重定向地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
* permanent 返回301永久重定向地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
一些可用的全局变量有，可以用做条件判断(待补全)

$args
$content_length
$content_type
$document_root
$document_uri
$host
$http_user_agent
$http_cookie
$limit_rate
$request_body_file
$request_method
$remote_addr
$remote_port
$remote_user
$request_filename
$request_uri
$query_string
$scheme
$server_protocol
$server_addr
$server_name
$server_port
$uri
结合QeePHP的例子

if (!-d $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/([a-z-A-Z]+)/([a-z-A-Z]+)/?(.*)$ /index.php?namespace=user&controller=$1&action=$2&$3 last;
rewrite ^/([a-z-A-Z]+)/?$ /index.php?namespace=user&controller=$1 last;
break;
多目录转成参数
abc.domian.com/sort/2 => abc.domian.com/index.php?act=sort&name=abc&id=2

if ($host ~* (.*)/.domain/.com) {
set $sub_name $1;
rewrite ^/sort//(/d+)//?$ /index.php?act=sort&cid=$sub_name&id=$1 last;
}
目录对换
/123456/xxxx -> /xxxx?id=123456

rewrite ^/(/d+)/(.+)/ /$2?id=$1 last;
例如下面设定nginx在用户使用ie的使用重定向到/nginx-ie目录下：

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
rewrite ^(.*)$ /nginx-ie/$1 break;
}
目录自动加“/”

if (-d $request_filename){
rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;
}
禁止htaccess

location ~//.ht {
deny all;
}
禁止多个目录

location ~ ^/(cron|templates)/ {
deny all;
break;
}
禁止以/data开头的文件
可以禁止/data/下多级目录下.log.txt等请求;

location ~ ^/data {
deny all;
}
禁止单个目录
不能禁止.log.txt能请求

location /searchword/cron/ {
deny all;
}
禁止单个文件

location ~ /data/sql/data.sql {
deny all;
}
给favicon.ico和robots.txt设置过期时间;
这里为favicon.ico为99天,robots.txt为7天并不记录404错误日志

location ~(favicon.ico) {
                 log_not_found off;
expires 99d;
break;
     }

     location ~(robots.txt) {
                 log_not_found off;
expires 7d;
break;
     }
设定某个文件的过期时间;这里为600秒，并不记录访问日志

location ^~ /html/scripts/loadhead_1.js {
                 access_log   off;
                 root /opt/lampp/htdocs/web;
expires 600;
break;
       }
文件反盗链并设置过期时间
这里的return 412 为自定义的http状态码，默认为403，方便找出正确的盗链的请求
“rewrite ^/ http://leech.c1gstudio.com/leech.gif;”显示一张防盗链图片
“access_log off;”不记录访问日志，减轻压力
“expires 3d”所有文件3天的浏览器缓存

location ~* ^.+/.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf|rar|zip|css|js)$ {
valid_referers none blocked *.c1gstudio.com *.c1gstudio.net localhost 208.97.167.194;
if ($invalid_referer) {
    rewrite ^/ http://leech.c1gstudio.com/leech.gif;
    return 412;
    break;
}
                 access_log   off;
                 root /opt/lampp/htdocs/web;
expires 3d;
break;
     }
只充许固定ip访问网站，并加上密码

root  /opt/htdocs/www;
allow   208.97.167.194;
allow   222.33.1.2;
allow   231.152.49.4;
deny    all;
auth_basic "C1G_ADMIN";
auth_basic_user_file htpasswd;
将多级目录下的文件转成一个文件，增强seo效果
/job-123-456-789.html 指向/job/123/456/789.html

rewrite ^/job-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)/.html$ /job/$1/$2/jobshow_$3.html last;
将根目录下某个文件夹指向2级目录
如/shanghaijob/ 指向 /area/shanghai/
如果你将last改成permanent，那么浏览器地址栏显是/location/shanghai/

rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job/(.*)$ /area/$1/$2 last;
上面例子有个问题是访问/shanghai 时将不会匹配

rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job$ /area/$1/ last;
rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job/(.*)$ /area/$1/$2 last;
这样/shanghai 也可以访问了，但页面中的相对链接无法使用，
如./list_1.html真实地址是/area/shanghia/list_1.html会变成/list_1.html,导至无法访问。

那我加上自动跳转也是不行咯
(-d $request_filename)它有个条件是必需为真实目录，而我的rewrite不是的，所以没有效果

if (-d $request_filename){
rewrite ^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;
}
知道原因后就好办了，让我手动跳转吧

rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job$ /$1job/ permanent;
rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job/(.*)$ /area/$1/$2 last;
文件和目录不存在的时候重定向：

if (!-e $request_filename) {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
}
域名跳转

server
     {
             listen       80;
             server_name  jump.c1gstudio.com;
             index index.html index.htm index.php;
             root  /opt/lampp/htdocs/www;
             rewrite ^/ http://www.c1gstudio.com/;
             access_log  off;
     }
多域名转向

server_name  www.c1gstudio.com www.c1gstudio.net;
             index index.html index.htm index.php;
             root  /opt/lampp/htdocs;
if ($host ~ "c1gstudio/.net") {
rewrite ^(.*) http://www.c1gstudio.com$1 permanent;
}
三级域名跳转

if ($http_host ~* "^(.*)/.i/.c1gstudio/.com$") {
rewrite ^(.*) http://top.yingjiesheng.com$1;
break;
}
域名镜向

server
     {
             listen       80;
             server_name  mirror.c1gstudio.com;
             index index.html index.htm index.php;
             root  /opt/lampp/htdocs/www;
             rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.c1gstudio.com/$1 last;
             access_log  off;
     }
某个子目录作镜向

location ^~ /zhaopinhui {
  rewrite ^.+ http://zph.c1gstudio.com/ last;
  break;
     }
discuz ucenter home (uchome) rewrite

rewrite ^/(space|network)-(.+)/.html$ /$1.php?rewrite=$2 last;
rewrite ^/(space|network)/.html$ /$1.php last;
rewrite ^/([0-9]+)$ /space.php?uid=$1 last;
discuz 7 rewrite

rewrite ^(.*)/archiver/((fid|tid)-[/w/-]+/.html)$ $1/archiver/index.php?$2 last;
rewrite ^(.*)/forum-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)/.html$ $1/forumdisplay.php?fid=$2&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^(.*)/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)/.html$ $1/viewthread.php?tid=$2&extra=page/%3D$4&page=$3 last;
rewrite ^(.*)/profile-(username|uid)-(.+)/.html$ $1/viewpro.php?$2=$3 last;
rewrite ^(.*)/space-(username|uid)-(.+)/.html$ $1/space.php?$2=$3 last;
rewrite ^(.*)/tag-(.+)/.html$ $1/tag.php?name=$2 last;
给discuz某版块单独配置域名

server_name  bbs.c1gstudio.com news.c1gstudio.com;

     location = / {
        if ($http_host ~ news/.c1gstudio.com$) {
  rewrite ^.+ http://news.c1gstudio.com/forum-831-1.html last;
  break;
}
     }
discuz ucenter 头像 rewrite 优化

location ^~ /ucenter {
     location ~ .*/.php?$
     {
  #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
  fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
  fastcgi_index index.php;
  include fcgi.conf;
     }

     location /ucenter/data/avatar {
log_not_found off;
access_log   off;
location ~ /(.*)_big/.jpg$ {
    error_page 404 /ucenter/images/noavatar_big.gif;
}
location ~ /(.*)_middle/.jpg$ {
    error_page 404 /ucenter/images/noavatar_middle.gif;
}
location ~ /(.*)_small/.jpg$ {
    error_page 404 /ucenter/images/noavatar_small.gif;
}
expires 300;
break;
     }
                       }
jspace rewrite

location ~ .*/.php?$
             {
                  #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
                  fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
                  fastcgi_index index.php;
                  include fcgi.conf;
             }

             location ~* ^/index.php/
             {
    rewrite ^/index.php/(.*) /index.php?$1 break;
                  fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
                  fastcgi_index index.php;
                  include fcgi.conf;
             }
信赖此刻大部门用Linux VPS的伴侣都在利用这个敏捷传布的Nginx，本日就清算一下最常见的PHP法式的Rewrite(伪静态法则)。

Wordpress：

location / {
index index.html index.php;
if (-f $request_filename/index.html){
rewrite (.*) $1/index.html break;
}
if (-f $request_filename/index.php){
rewrite (.*) $1/index.php;
}
if (!-f $request_filename){
rewrite (.*) /index.php;
}
}

PHPCMS：

location / {
###以下为PHPCMS 伪静态化rewrite法则
rewrite ^(.*)show-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/show.php?itemid=$2&page=$3;
rewrite ^(.*)list-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/list.php?catid=$2&page=$3;
rewrite ^(.*)show-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/show.php?specialid=$2;

####以下为PHPWind 伪静态化rewrite法则
rewrite ^(.*)-htm-(.*)$ $1.php?$2 last;
rewrite ^(.*)/simple/([a-z0-9\_]+\.html)$ $1/simple/index.php?$2 last;
}

ECSHOP：

if (!-e $request_filename)
{
rewrite "^/index\.html" /index.php last;
rewrite "^/category$" /index.php last;
rewrite "^/feed-c([0-9]+)\.xml$” /feed.php?cat=$1 last;
rewrite “^/feed-b([0-9]+)\.xml$” /feed.php?brand=$1 last;
rewrite “^/feed\.xml$” /feed.php last;
rewrite “^/category-([0-9]+)-b([0-9]+)-min([0-9]+)-max([0-9]+)-attr([^-]*)-([0-9]+)-(.+)-([a-zA-Z]+)(.*)\.html$” /category.php?id=$1&brand=$2&price_min=$3&price_max=$4&filter_attr=$5&page=$6&sort=$7&order=$8 last;
rewrite “^/category-([0-9]+)-b([0-9]+)-min([0-9]+)-max([0-9]+)-attr([^-]*)(.*)\.html$” /category.php?id=$1&brand=$2&price_min=$3&price_max=$4&filter_attr=$5 last;
rewrite “^/category-([0-9]+)-b([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-(.+)-([a-zA-Z]+)(.*)\.html$” /category.php?id=$1&brand=$2&page=$3&sort=$4&order=$5 last;
rewrite “^/category-([0-9]+)-b([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /category.php?id=$1&brand=$2&page=$3 last;
rewrite “^/category-([0-9]+)-b([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /category.php?id=$1&brand=$2 last;
rewrite “^/category-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /category.php?id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/goods-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html” /goods.php?id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/article_cat-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-(.+)-([a-zA-Z]+)(.*)\.html$” /article_cat.php?id=$1&page=$2&sort=$3&order=$4 last;
rewrite “^/article_cat-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /article_cat.php?id=$1&page=$2 last;
rewrite “^/article_cat-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /article_cat.php?id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/article-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /article.php?id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/brand-([0-9]+)-c([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-(.+)-([a-zA-Z]+)\.html” /brand.php?id=$1&cat=$2&page=$3&sort=$4&order=$5 last;
rewrite “^/brand-([0-9]+)-c([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html” /brand.php?id=$1&cat=$2&page=$3 last;
rewrite “^/brand-([0-9]+)-c([0-9]+)(.*)\.html” /brand.php?id=$1&cat=$2 last;
rewrite “^/brand-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html” /brand.php?id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/tag-(.*)\.html” /search.php?keywords=$1 last;
rewrite “^/snatch-([0-9]+)\.html$” /snatch.php?id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/group_buy-([0-9]+)\.html$” /group_buy.php?act=view&id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/auction-([0-9]+)\.html$” /auction.php?act=view&id=$1 last;
rewrite “^/exchange-id([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /exchange.php?id=$1&act=view last;
rewrite “^/exchange-([0-9]+)-min([0-9]+)-max([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-(.+)-([a-zA-Z]+)(.*)\.html$” /exchange.php?cat_id=$1&integral_min=$2&integral_max=$3&page=$4&sort=$5&order=$6 last;
rewrite ^/exchange-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-(.+)-([a-zA-Z]+)(.*)\.html$” /exchange.php?cat_id=$1&page=$2&sort=$3&order=$4 last;
rewrite “^/exchange-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /exchange.php?cat_id=$1&page=$2 last;
rewrite “^/exchange-([0-9]+)(.*)\.html$” /exchange.php?cat_id=$1 last;
}

SHOPEX:

location / {
if (!-e $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/(.+\.(html|xml|json|htm|php|jsp|asp|shtml))$ /index.php?$1 last;
}
}

SaBlog 2.0：

# 只带月份的归档
rewrite "^/date/([0-9]{6})/?([0-9]+)?/?$" /index.php?action=article&setdate=$1&page=$2 last;
# 无分类翻页
rewrite ^/page/([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=article&page=$1 last;
# 分类
rewrite ^/category/([0-9]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=article&cid=$1&page=$2 last;
rewrite ^/category/([^/]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=article&curl=$1&page=$2 last;
# 归档、高级搜刮
rewrite ^/(archives|search|article|links)/?$ /index.php?action=$1 last;
# 全数批评、标签列表、引用列表带分页
rewrite ^/(comments|tagslist|trackbacks|article)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=$1&page=$2 last;
# tags
rewrite ^/tag/([^/]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=article&item=$1&page=$2 last;
# 文章
rewrite ^/archives/([0-9]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=show&id=$1&page=$2 last;
# RSS rewrite ^/rss/([0-9]+)?/?$ /rss.php?cid=$1 last;
rewrite ^/rss/([^/]+)/?$ /rss.php?url=$1 last;
# 用户 rewrite ^/uid/([0-9]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=article&uid=$1&page=$2 last;
rewrite ^/user/([^/]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ /index.php?action=article&user=$1&page=$2 last;
# 舆图文件
rewrite sitemap.xml sitemap.php last;
# 自界说链接
rewrite ^(.*)/([0-9a-zA-Z\-\_]+)/?([0-9]+)?/?$ $1/index.php?action=show&alias=$2&page=$3 last;

Discuz 7：

rewrite ^/archiver/((fid|tid)-[\w\-]+\.html)$ /archiver/index.php?$1 last;
rewrite ^/forum-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ /forumdisplay.php?fid=$1&page=$2 last;
rewrite ^/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ /viewthread.php?tid=$1&extra=page\%3D$3&page=$2 last;
rewrite ^/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\.html$ /space.php?$1=$2 last;
rewrite ^/tag-(.+)\.html$ /tag.php?name=$1 last;

Typecho：

4.8.5 shopex 启用伪静态

……

location /

{

if (!-e $request_filename) {

rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php?$1 last;

}

……

1. 启用伪静态

……

##begin add by guozhenbin 20100727 (use Pseudo-static)

location /

{

if (!-e $request_filename) {

rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php?$1 last;

}

##end add by guozhenbin 20100727

……
————————————————

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Nginx的rewrite(地址重定向)剖析

1、rewrite语法：　　指令语法：rewrite regex replacement[flag];　　默认值：none　　应用位置：server、location、if　　rewrite是实现URL重定向的重要指令，他根据regex(正则表达式)来匹配内容跳转到replacement，结尾是flag标记　　简单的小例子： 1 rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.baidu.com/ permanent;# 匹配成功后跳转...
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