最近在做人脸检测的速度优化工作,对OPENCV下利用GPU加速人脸检测做了一些了解,现对齐进行梳理,了解下大概,主要内容来自
OPENCV tutorial on GPU
首先,是关于OPENCV上GPU的一些说明。
1.GPU有自己的内存,当你把Mat类型数据从硬盘读入到系统内存后,为了使用GPU模块,还必须将数据上传到GPU,GPU计算完后,再将计算结果下载下来,上传和下载一般比较耗时,因此不推荐将体量小的函数移植到GPU上使用,那样,GPU并行计算的能力会因长时间的上传下载操作而得不到充分展现。
2.OPENCV在GPU上有类似于Mat的数据结构,GpuMat。GpuMat与Mat的差别是,GpuMat只能包含2D数据且不能返回GpuMat的引用,简单的使用如下:
Mat I1; // Main memory item - read image into with imread for example
gpu::GpuMat gI; // GPU matrix - for now empty
gI1.upload(I1); // Upload a data from the system memory to the GPU memory
I1 = gI1; // Download,gI1.download(I1) will work too
3.GPU并不能对图片的各种通道都能进行有效的处理。
GPU只接受通道数为一或四的图片,且数值类型为char或float。GPU不接受double类型的图片数据,否则会有异常抛出。对于三通道的图片数据,要么在图片上再加一个通道变为四通道(但这样会比较消耗GPU内存不推荐);或者,将图片按通道划分成多个单通道图片依次处理。若对于某些函数,图片中元素的实际位置不影响处理,那么比较好的处理办法是将图片直接reshape成单通道图片,例如对于PSNR的absdiff操作。
其次,关于GPU具体的代码优化。
1.GPU上面的内存分配操作需要谨慎,尽可能越少越好。因此对于被多次调用的函数来说,函数使用的局部参数变量尽可能只声明一次。例如double getPSNR_GPU_optimized()函数与double getPSNR_GPU()函数的比较,同样是在GPU上运行,前者的效率要高于后者。因为前者使用了结构体BufferPSNR,将变量 gpu::GpuMat gI1, gI2, gs, t1,t2仅做一次声明;无论函数被调用多少次,变量的内存分配却只做了一次;而后者每次调用都要做一次变量声明,这样的结果是GPU要做多次的变量临时内存分配操作,影响效率。
2.避免不必要的数据转移存储操作。例如
b.t1 = 2 * b.mu1_mu2 + C1;
GPU在计算2*b.mu1_mu2后,会将结果暂存在一个新的分配的内存区间,然后再做加运算和赋值操作;
若将代码改为如下:
gpu::multiply(b.mu1_mu2, 2, b.t1); //b.t1 = 2 * b.mu1_mu2 + C1;
gpu::add(b.t1, C1, b.t1);
则可以避免GPU这种数据转移的操作。
3.借助gpu::Stream实现异步调用。默认情况下,调用一个函数会等它执行完并返回结果。异步调用则可以执行函数,内存分配并快速返回结果。
b.gI1.upload(i1);
b.gI2.upload(i2);
gpu::Stream stream;
stream.enqueueConvert(b.gI1, b.t1, CV_32F);
stream.enqueueConvert(b.gI2, b.t2, CV_32F);
gpu::split(b.t1, b.vI1, stream);
gpu::split(b.t2, b.vI2, stream);
gI1.upload(i1);
gI2.upload(i2);
gI1.convertTo(tmp1, CV_MAKE_TYPE(CV_32F, gI1.channels()));
gI2.convertTo(tmp2, CV_MAKE_TYPE(CV_32F, gI2.channels()));
vector vI1, vI2;
gpu::split(tmp1, vI1);
gpu::split(tmp2, vI2);
以上面两部分代码为例,第二部分代码是默认的图片上传,将图片按照通道进行划分,并对每个通道进行依次操作;第一部分使用了stream进行了优化,在函数执行期间,我们仍可以进行内存分配的操作。详细可见gpu::stream
附上两份完整的代码:
double getPSNR(const Mat& I1, const Mat& I2)
{
Mat s1;
absdiff(I1, I2, s1); // |I1 - I2|
s1.convertTo(s1, CV_32F); // cannot make a square on 8 bits
s1 = s1.mul(s1); // |I1 - I2|^2
Scalar s = sum(s1); // sum elements per channel
double sse = s.val[0] + s.val[1] + s.val[2]; // sum channels
if( sse <= 1e-10) // for small values return zero
return 0;
else
{
double mse =sse /(double)(I1.channels() * I1.total());
double psnr = 10.0*log10((255*255)/mse);
return psnr;
}
}
double getPSNR_GPU_optimized(const Mat& I1, const Mat& I2, BufferPSNR& b)
{
b.gI1.upload(I1);
b.gI2.upload(I2);
b.gI1.convertTo(b.t1, CV_32F);
b.gI2.convertTo(b.t2, CV_32F);
gpu::absdiff(b.t1.reshape(1), b.t2.reshape(1), b.gs);
gpu::multiply(b.gs, b.gs, b.gs);
double sse = gpu::sum(b.gs, b.buf)[0];
if( sse <= 1e-10) // for small values return zero
return 0;
else
{
double mse = sse /(double)(I1.channels() * I1.total());
double psnr = 10.0*log10((255*255)/mse);
return psnr;
}
}
struct BufferPSNR // Optimized GPU versions
{ // Data allocations are very expensive on GPU. Use a buffer to solve: allocate once reuse later.
gpu::GpuMat gI1, gI2, gs, t1,t2;
gpu::GpuMat buf;
};
double getPSNR_GPU(const Mat& I1, const Mat& I2)
{
gpu::GpuMat gI1, gI2, gs, t1,t2;
gI1.upload(I1);
gI2.upload(I2);
gI1.convertTo(t1, CV_32F);
gI2.convertTo(t2, CV_32F);
gpu::absdiff(t1.reshape(1), t2.reshape(1), gs);
gpu::multiply(gs, gs, gs);
Scalar s = gpu::sum(gs);
double sse = s.val[0] + s.val[1] + s.val[2];
if( sse <= 1e-10) // for small values return zero
return 0;
else
{
double mse =sse /(double)(gI1.channels() * I1.total());
double psnr = 10.0*log10((255*255)/mse);
return psnr;
}
}
Scalar getMSSIM( const Mat& i1, const Mat& i2)
{
const double C1 = 6.5025, C2 = 58.5225;
/******************* INITS ************************/
int d = CV_32F;
Mat I1, I2;
i1.convertTo(I1, d); // cannot calculate on one byte large values
i2.convertTo(I2, d);
Mat I2_2 = I2.mul(I2); // I2^2
Mat I1_2 = I1.mul(I1); // I1^2
Mat I1_I2 = I1.mul(I2); // I1 * I2
/*************************** END INITS **********************************/
Mat mu1, mu2; // PRELIMINARY COMPUTING
GaussianBlur(I1, mu1, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
GaussianBlur(I2, mu2, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
Mat mu1_2 = mu1.mul(mu1);
Mat mu2_2 = mu2.mul(mu2);
Mat mu1_mu2 = mu1.mul(mu2);
Mat sigma1_2, sigma2_2, sigma12;
GaussianBlur(I1_2, sigma1_2, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
sigma1_2 -= mu1_2;
GaussianBlur(I2_2, sigma2_2, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
sigma2_2 -= mu2_2;
GaussianBlur(I1_I2, sigma12, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
sigma12 -= mu1_mu2;
/ FORMULA
Mat t1, t2, t3;
t1 = 2 * mu1_mu2 + C1;
t2 = 2 * sigma12 + C2;
t3 = t1.mul(t2); // t3 = ((2*mu1_mu2 + C1).*(2*sigma12 + C2))
t1 = mu1_2 + mu2_2 + C1;
t2 = sigma1_2 + sigma2_2 + C2;
t1 = t1.mul(t2); // t1 =((mu1_2 + mu2_2 + C1).*(sigma1_2 + sigma2_2 + C2))
Mat ssim_map;
divide(t3, t1, ssim_map); // ssim_map = t3./t1;
Scalar mssim = mean( ssim_map ); // mssim = average of ssim map
return mssim;
}
Scalar getMSSIM_GPU( const Mat& i1, const Mat& i2)
{
const float C1 = 6.5025f, C2 = 58.5225f;
/******************* INITS ************************/
gpu::GpuMat gI1, gI2, gs1, tmp1,tmp2;
gI1.upload(i1);
gI2.upload(i2);
gI1.convertTo(tmp1, CV_MAKE_TYPE(CV_32F, gI1.channels()));
gI2.convertTo(tmp2, CV_MAKE_TYPE(CV_32F, gI2.channels()));
vector<gpu::GpuMat> vI1, vI2;
gpu::split(tmp1, vI1);
gpu::split(tmp2, vI2);
Scalar mssim;
for( int i = 0; i < gI1.channels(); ++i )
{
gpu::GpuMat I2_2, I1_2, I1_I2;
gpu::multiply(vI2[i], vI2[i], I2_2); // I2^2
gpu::multiply(vI1[i], vI1[i], I1_2); // I1^2
gpu::multiply(vI1[i], vI2[i], I1_I2); // I1 * I2
/*************************** END INITS **********************************/
gpu::GpuMat mu1, mu2; // PRELIMINARY COMPUTING
gpu::GaussianBlur(vI1[i], mu1, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
gpu::GaussianBlur(vI2[i], mu2, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
gpu::GpuMat mu1_2, mu2_2, mu1_mu2;
gpu::multiply(mu1, mu1, mu1_2);
gpu::multiply(mu2, mu2, mu2_2);
gpu::multiply(mu1, mu2, mu1_mu2);
gpu::GpuMat sigma1_2, sigma2_2, sigma12;
gpu::GaussianBlur(I1_2, sigma1_2, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
gpu::subtract(sigma1_2, mu1_2, sigma1_2); // sigma1_2 -= mu1_2;
gpu::GaussianBlur(I2_2, sigma2_2, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
gpu::subtract(sigma2_2, mu2_2, sigma2_2); // sigma2_2 -= mu2_2;
gpu::GaussianBlur(I1_I2, sigma12, Size(11, 11), 1.5);
gpu::subtract(sigma12, mu1_mu2, sigma12); // sigma12 -= mu1_mu2;
/ FORMULA
gpu::GpuMat t1, t2, t3;
mu1_mu2.convertTo(t1, -1, 2, C1); // t1 = 2 * mu1_mu2 + C1;
sigma12.convertTo(t2, -1, 2, C2); // t2 = 2 * sigma12 + C2;
gpu::multiply(t1, t2, t3); // t3 = ((2*mu1_mu2 + C1).*(2*sigma12 + C2))
gpu::addWeighted(mu1_2, 1.0, mu2_2, 1.0, C1, t1); // t1 = mu1_2 + mu2_2 + C1;
gpu::addWeighted(sigma1_2, 1.0, sigma2_2, 1.0, C2, t2); // t2 = sigma1_2 + sigma2_2 + C2;
gpu::multiply(t1, t2, t1); // t1 =((mu1_2 + mu2_2 + C1).*(sigma1_2 + sigma2_2 + C2))
gpu::GpuMat ssim_map;
gpu::divide(t3, t1, ssim_map); // ssim_map = t3./t1;
Scalar s = gpu::sum(ssim_map);
mssim.val[i] = s.val[0] / (ssim_map.rows * ssim_map.cols);
}
return mssim;
}
struct BufferMSSIM // Optimized GPU versions
{ // Data allocations are very expensive on GPU. Use a buffer to solve: allocate once reuse later.
gpu::GpuMat gI1, gI2, gs, t1,t2;
gpu::GpuMat I1_2, I2_2, I1_I2;
vector<gpu::GpuMat> vI1, vI2;
gpu::GpuMat mu1, mu2;
gpu::GpuMat mu1_2, mu2_2, mu1_mu2;
gpu::GpuMat sigma1_2, sigma2_2, sigma12;
gpu::GpuMat t3;
gpu::GpuMat ssim_map;
gpu::GpuMat buf;
};
Scalar getMSSIM_GPU_optimized( const Mat& i1, const Mat& i2, BufferMSSIM& b)
{
const float C1 = 6.5025f, C2 = 58.5225f;
/******************* INITS ************************/
b.gI1.upload(i1);
b.gI2.upload(i2);
gpu::Stream stream;
stream.enqueueConvert(b.gI1, b.t1, CV_32F);
stream.enqueueConvert(b.gI2, b.t2, CV_32F);
gpu::split(b.t1, b.vI1, stream);
gpu::split(b.t2, b.vI2, stream);
Scalar mssim;
gpu::GpuMat buf;
for( int i = 0; i < b.gI1.channels(); ++i )
{
gpu::multiply(b.vI2[i], b.vI2[i], b.I2_2, stream); // I2^2
gpu::multiply(b.vI1[i], b.vI1[i], b.I1_2, stream); // I1^2
gpu::multiply(b.vI1[i], b.vI2[i], b.I1_I2, stream); // I1 * I2
gpu::GaussianBlur(b.vI1[i], b.mu1, Size(11, 11), buf, 1.5, 0, BORDER_DEFAULT, -1, stream);
gpu::GaussianBlur(b.vI2[i], b.mu2, Size(11, 11), buf, 1.5, 0, BORDER_DEFAULT, -1, stream);
gpu::multiply(b.mu1, b.mu1, b.mu1_2, stream);
gpu::multiply(b.mu2, b.mu2, b.mu2_2, stream);
gpu::multiply(b.mu1, b.mu2, b.mu1_mu2, stream);
gpu::GaussianBlur(b.I1_2, b.sigma1_2, Size(11, 11), buf, 1.5, 0, BORDER_DEFAULT, -1, stream);
gpu::subtract(b.sigma1_2, b.mu1_2, b.sigma1_2, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
//b.sigma1_2 -= b.mu1_2; - This would result in an extra data transfer operation
gpu::GaussianBlur(b.I2_2, b.sigma2_2, Size(11, 11), buf, 1.5, 0, BORDER_DEFAULT, -1, stream);
gpu::subtract(b.sigma2_2, b.mu2_2, b.sigma2_2, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
//b.sigma2_2 -= b.mu2_2;
gpu::GaussianBlur(b.I1_I2, b.sigma12, Size(11, 11), buf, 1.5, 0, BORDER_DEFAULT, -1, stream);
gpu::subtract(b.sigma12, b.mu1_mu2, b.sigma12, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
//b.sigma12 -= b.mu1_mu2;
//here too it would be an extra data transfer due to call of operator*(Scalar, Mat)
gpu::multiply(b.mu1_mu2, 2, b.t1, 1, -1, stream); //b.t1 = 2 * b.mu1_mu2 + C1;
gpu::add(b.t1, C1, b.t1, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
gpu::multiply(b.sigma12, 2, b.t2, 1, -1, stream); //b.t2 = 2 * b.sigma12 + C2;
gpu::add(b.t2, C2, b.t2, gpu::GpuMat(), -12, stream);
gpu::multiply(b.t1, b.t2, b.t3, 1, -1, stream); // t3 = ((2*mu1_mu2 + C1).*(2*sigma12 + C2))
gpu::add(b.mu1_2, b.mu2_2, b.t1, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
gpu::add(b.t1, C1, b.t1, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
gpu::add(b.sigma1_2, b.sigma2_2, b.t2, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
gpu::add(b.t2, C2, b.t2, gpu::GpuMat(), -1, stream);
gpu::multiply(b.t1, b.t2, b.t1, 1, -1, stream); // t1 =((mu1_2 + mu2_2 + C1).*(sigma1_2 + sigma2_2 + C2))
gpu::divide(b.t3, b.t1, b.ssim_map, 1, -1, stream); // ssim_map = t3./t1;
stream.waitForCompletion();
Scalar s = gpu::sum(b.ssim_map, b.buf);
mssim.val[i] = s.val[0] / (b.ssim_map.rows * b.ssim_map.cols);
}
return mssim;
}