前些天,写了篇博客( 最后一年的时间,应该做些什么呢? )发誓要好好学一下《UNIX环境高级编译》(下面简称APUE),可一个小小的编译问题就悲剧了我好几天,比如APUE书上的第一个程序是这样的:
- #include "apue.h"
- #include <dirent.h>
- int
- main(int argc, char *argv[])
- {
- DIR *dp;
- struct dirent *dirp;
- if(argc != 2)
- {
- err_quit("usage: ls directory_name");
- }
- if((dp = opendir(argv[1])) == NULL)
- {
- err_sys("can`t open %s", argv[1]);
- }
- while((dirp = readdir(dp)) != NULL)
- {
- printf("%s/n", dirp->d_name);
- }
- closedir(dp);
- exit(0);
- }
直接这样用gcc编译会很悲剧的出现一大堆错误,错误这里就不罗列出来了。
其实细心的朋友会发现本程序第一行包含了一个apue.h的头文件,这个头文件在/usr/include可是没有的哦,也就是说这不是标准头文件,其实从它用双引号包含也可以看出来。那这个头文件在哪呢?
附录里。
找到了问题,解决就好办了,把附录里的apue.h和error.c敲进电脑里,我敲好了,懒得就直接复制吧。
- /* Our own header, to be included before all standard system headers */
- #ifndef _APUE_H
- #define _APUE_H
- #if defined(SOLARIS)
- #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500 /* Single UNIX Specification, Version 2 for Solaris 9 */
- #define CMSG_LEN(x) _CMSG_DATA_ALIGN(sizeof(struct cmsghdr)+(x))
- #elif !defined(BSD)
- #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600 /* Single UNIX Specification, Version 3 */
- #endif
- #include <sys/types.h> /* some systems still require this */
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <sys/termios.h> /* for winsize */
- #ifndef TIOCGWINSZ
- #include <sys/ioctl.h>
- #endif
- #include <stdio.h> /* for convenience */
- #include <stdlib.h> /* for convenience */
- #include <stddef.h> /* for offsetof */
- #include <string.h> /* for convenience */
- #include <unistd.h> /* for convenience */
- #include <signal.h> /* for SIG_ERR */
- #include <errno.h>
- #include <stdarg.h>
- #include <syslog.h>
- #include <error.h>
- #define MAXLINE 4096 /* max line length */
- /****/
- /*
- * Default file access permissions for new files.
- */
- #define FILE_MODE (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)
- /*
- * Default permissions for new directories.
- */
- #define DIR_MODE (FILE_MODE | S_IXUSR | S_IXGRP | S_IXOTH)
- typedef void Sigfunc(int); /* for signal handlers */
- #if defined(SIG_IGN) && !defined(SIG_ERR)
- #define SIG_ERR ((Sigfunc *)-1)
- #endif
- #define min(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
- #define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
- /*
- * Prototypes for our own functions.
- */
- char *path_alloc(int *); /* {Prog pathalloc} */
- long open_max(void); /* {Prog openmax} */
- void clr_fl(int, int); /* {Prog setfl} */
- void set_fl(int, int); /* {Prog setfl} */
- void pr_exit(int); /* {Prog prexit} */
- void pr_mask(const char *); /* {Prog prmask} */
- Sigfunc *signal_intr(int, Sigfunc *); /* {Prog signal_intr_function} */
- int tty_cbreak(int); /* {Prog raw} */
- int tty_raw(int); /* {Prog raw} */
- int tty_reset(int); /* {Prog raw} */
- void tty_atexit(void); /* {Prog raw} */
- #ifdef ECHO /* only if <termios.h> has been included */
- struct termios *tty_termios(void); /* {Prog raw} */
- #endif
- void sleep_us(unsigned int); /* {Ex sleepus} */
- ssize_t readn(int, void *, size_t); /* {Prog readn_writen} */
- ssize_t writen(int, const void *, size_t); /* {Prog readn_writen} */
- void daemonize(const char *); /* {Prog daemoninit} */
- int s_pipe(int *); /* {Progs streams_spipe sock_spipe} */
- int recv_fd(int, ssize_t (*func)(int,
- const void *, size_t));/* {Progs recvfd_streams recvfd_sockets} */
- int send_fd(int, int); /* {Progs sendfd_streams sendfd_sockets} */
- int send_err(int, int,
- const char *); /* {Prog senderr} */
- int serv_listen(const char *); /* {Progs servlisten_streams servlisten_sockets} */
- int serv_accept(int, uid_t *); /* {Progs servaccept_streams servaccept_sockets} */
- int cli_conn(const char *); /* {Progs cliconn_streams cliconn_sockets} */
- int buf_args(char *, int (*func)(int,
- char **)); /* {Prog bufargs} */
- int ptym_open(char *, int); /* {Progs3 ptyopen_streams ptyopen_bsd ptyopen_linux} */
- int ptys_open(char *); /* {Progs3 ptyopen_streams ptyopen_bsd ptyopen_linux} */
- #ifdef TIOCGWINSZ
- pid_t pty_fork(int *, char *, int, const struct termios *,
- const struct winsize *); /* {Prog ptyfork} */
- #endif
- int lock_reg(int, int, int, off_t, int, off_t); /* {Prog lockreg} */
- #define read_lock(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- lock_reg((fd), F_SETLK, F_RDLCK, (offset), (whence), (len))
- #define readw_lock(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- lock_reg((fd), F_SETLKW, F_RDLCK, (offset), (whence), (len))
- #define write_lock(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- lock_reg((fd), F_SETLK, F_WRLCK, (offset), (whence), (len))
- #define writew_lock(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- lock_reg((fd), F_SETLKW, F_WRLCK, (offset), (whence), (len))
- #define un_lock(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- lock_reg((fd), F_SETLK, F_UNLCK, (offset), (whence), (len))
- pid_t lock_test(int, int, off_t, int, off_t); /* {Prog locktest} */
- #define is_read_lockable(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- (lock_test((fd), F_RDLCK, (offset), (whence), (len)) == 0)
- #define is_write_lockable(fd, offset, whence, len) /
- (lock_test((fd), F_WRLCK, (offset), (whence), (len)) == 0)
- void err_dump(const char *, ...); /* {App misc_source} */
- void err_msg(const char *, ...);
- void err_quit(const char *, ...);
- void err_exit(int, const char *, ...);
- void err_ret(const char *, ...);
- void err_sys(const char *, ...);
- void log_msg(const char *, ...); /* {App misc_source} */
- void log_open(const char *, int, int);
- void log_quit(const char *, ...);
- void log_ret(const char *, ...);
- void log_sys(const char *, ...);
- void TELL_WAIT(void); /* parent/child from {Sec race_conditions} */
- void TELL_PARENT(pid_t);
- void TELL_CHILD(pid_t);
- void WAIT_PARENT(void);
- void WAIT_CHILD(void);
- #endif /* _APUE_H */
- #include "apue.h"
- #include <errno.h> /* for definition of errno */
- #include <stdarg.h> /* ISO C variable aruments */
- static void err_doit(int, int, const char *, va_list);
- /*
- * Nonfatal error related to a system call.
- * Print a message and return.
- */
- void
- err_ret(const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list ap;
- va_start(ap, fmt);
- err_doit(1, errno, fmt, ap);
- va_end(ap);
- }
- /*
- * Fatal error related to a system call.
- * Print a message and terminate.
- */
- void
- err_sys(const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list ap;
- va_start(ap, fmt);
- err_doit(1, errno, fmt, ap);
- va_end(ap);
- exit(1);
- }
- /*
- * Fatal error unrelated to a system call.
- * Error code passed as explict parameter.
- * Print a message and terminate.
- */
- void
- err_exit(int error, const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list ap;
- va_start(ap, fmt);
- err_doit(1, error, fmt, ap);
- va_end(ap);
- exit(1);
- }
- /*
- * Fatal error related to a system call.
- * Print a message, dump core, and terminate.
- */
- void
- err_dump(const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list ap;
- va_start(ap, fmt);
- err_doit(1, errno, fmt, ap);
- va_end(ap);
- abort(); /* dump core and terminate */
- exit(1); /* shouldn't get here */
- }
- /*
- * Nonfatal error unrelated to a system call.
- * Print a message and return.
- */
- void
- err_msg(const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list ap;
- va_start(ap, fmt);
- err_doit(0, 0, fmt, ap);
- va_end(ap);
- }
- /*
- * Fatal error unrelated to a system call.
- * Print a message and terminate.
- */
- void
- err_quit(const char *fmt, ...)
- {
- va_list ap;
- va_start(ap, fmt);
- err_doit(0, 0, fmt, ap);
- va_end(ap);
- exit(1);
- }
- /*
- * Print a message and return to caller.
- * Caller specifies "errnoflag".
- */
- static void
- err_doit(int errnoflag, int error, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
- {
- char buf[MAXLINE];
- vsnprintf(buf, MAXLINE, fmt, ap);
- if (errnoflag)
- snprintf(buf+strlen(buf), MAXLINE-strlen(buf), ": %s",
- strerror(error));
- strcat(buf, " ");
- fflush(stdout); /* in case stdout and stderr are the same */
- fputs(buf, stderr);
- fflush(NULL); /* flushes all stdio output streams */
- }
这样涉及到两个文件的同时编译问题,如果你更懒,那么还有办法解决。
给个批处理用用吧。
- #!/bin/sh
- #gg
- #以下是修改的gg脚本,添加了一个函数,indent每一个.c和.h的功能
- #wraper the gcc
- #set -x
- #用indent所有的c文件和头文件(因为我向ssh中拷代码的时候缩进总是出问题,所以需要indent)
- go2indent()
- {
- for tt in $*
- do
- char=`echo $tt|cut -d. -f2`
- if [ $char = "c" -o $char = "h" ]; then
- char=""
- #此处indent格式自己修改。
- indent -ts2 -bli0 $tt
- rm $tt~ >/dev/null 2>&1
- fi
- done
- }
- #不需要indent的话,直接注释下面这条语句
- go2indent $*
- exec_obj=`echo $1|cut -d. -f1`
- if gcc error.c $* -Wall -o $exec_obj; then
- echo "gcc Done! Create executable file /"$exec_obj/"."
- else
- echo "gcc failed!"
- exit 1
- fi
- #end
把批处理命名为gg,是不是迫不及待的想试试了?
不过,还有等一下,应该此时你还没有执行权限,敲命令sudo chmod 755 gg提升权限。然后别忘了用ls -l看一下,如果是该文件权限是-rwxr-xr-x,即本用户和超级用户读写执行,本组用户读执行,其他用户执行。
以后只要把这3个文件拷贝到你编写的APUE例程文件夹中,以./gg 文件名,来进行编译就可以了
这样操作就可以了。
好了,可以好好的,认真的,仔细的,开始看伟大的著作APUE喽。
但愿可以学好。