AVFoundation理解及开发步骤

一.概述
    在做图片和视频方面处理时有两种方法，一种是UIImagePickerController,另外一种方法是AVFoundation框架。
UIImagePickerController是高封装的，所以我们利用它所提供的功能时就难免有些限制。当我们的应用对图片或
视频的处理比较复杂时，就需要用的AVFoundation框架。利用这个框架我们首先要了解一些类：AVCaptureSession,
AVCaptureInput、AVCaptureOutput、AVCaptureMovieFileOutput、AVCaptureStillImageOutput、
AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer、AVCaptureVideoDataOutput、AVCaptureAudioDataOutput、AVCaptureDevice等
类。

二.对关键类的概述
1）AVCaptureDevice:代表硬件设备，我们可以从这个类中获取手机硬件的照相机、声音传感器等。当我们在应用程序
   中需要改变一些硬件设备的属性（例如：闪光模式改变、相机聚焦改变）的时候必须要调用lockForConfiguration
   为设备加锁，修改完成后调用unlockForConfiguration方法解锁。

2）AVCaptureDeviceInput:设备输入数据管理对象，可以根据AVCaptureDevice创建对应的AVCaptureDeviceInput对象，
  该对象将会被添加到AVCaptureSession中管理。.代表输入设备，它配置抽象硬件设备的ports。通常的输入设备有（麦克风，
  相机等）。

3）AVCaptureOutput:代表输出数据，输出的可以是图片（AVCaptureStillImageOutput）或者视频（
   AVCaptureMovieFileOutput）

4）AVCaptureSession:媒体（音、视频）捕捉会话，负责把捕捉的音频视频数据输出到输出设备中。一个AVCaptureSession
   可以有多个输入或输出。它是连接AVCaptureInput和AVCaptureOutput的桥梁，它协调input到output之间传输数据。
   它有startRunning和stopRunning两种方法来开启会话和结束会话。每个session称之为一个会话，也就是在应用运行
   过程中如果你需要改变会话的一些配置（例如：切换摄像头）,此时需要先开启配置，配置完成之后再提交配置。
   改变会话的部分代码：
    //改变会话的配置前一定要先开启配置，配置完成后提交配置改变
    [self.captureSession beginConfiguration];
    //移除原有输入对象
    [self.captureSession removeInput:self.captureDeviceInput];
    //添加新的输入对象
    if ([self.captureSession canAddInput:toChangeDeviceInput]) {
        [self.captureSession addInput:toChangeDeviceInput];
        self.captureDeviceInput=toChangeDeviceInput;
    }
    //提交会话配置
    [self.captureSession commitConfiguration];

5）AVCaptureConnection:以下是AVCaptrueConnection官方原话介绍-AVCaptureConnection represents a connection
   between an AVCaptureInputPort or ports, and an AVCaptureOutput or AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer present
   in an AVCaptureSession.即它是一个连接，这个连接是inputPort和output之间或者是图像当前预览层和当前会话之间的。

6）AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer:它是图片预览层。我们的照片以及视频是如何显示在手机上的呢？那就是通过把这个对象添加到UIView
   的layer上的。

三.利用AVFoundation拍照并存储到本地相册的一般步骤如下：
  1）创建AVCaptureSession对象
  2）使用AVCaptureDevice的静态方法获得需要使用的设备。拍照和录像需要使用摄像头，录音就需要使用麦克风设备。
  3）利用输入设备AVCaptureDevice初始化AVCaptureDeviceInput对象。
  4）初始化输出设备管理对象，如果要拍照就初始化AVCaptureStillImageOutput对象；如果拍摄视频就初始化AVCaptureMovieFileOutput对象。
  5）将数据输入对象AVCaptureDeviceInput和数据输出对象AVCaptureOutput添加到AVCaptureSession中去。
  6）创建视频预览图层AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer并指定媒体会话，添加图层到显示器中，调用AVCaptureSession中的stratRunning方法开
     始捕获图像。
  7）将捕获的音视频文件输出到指定文件。

四.视频录制代码
//
//  ViewController.m
//  AVFoundation_照相机
//
//  Created by 张旗 on 7/21/15.
//  Copyright (c) 2015 张旗. All rights reserved.
//

#import "ViewController.h"
#import <AVFoundation/AVFoundation.h>
#import <AssetsLibrary/AssetsLibrary.h>
typedef void(^PropertyChangeBlock) (AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice);

@interface ViewController ()<AVCaptureFileOutputRecordingDelegate>
/** 负责输入和输出设备之间的数据传递 */
@property (nonatomic,strong) AVCaptureSession *captureSession;
/** 负责从AVCaptureDevice获得输入数据 */
@property (nonatomic,strong) AVCaptureDeviceInput *captureDeviceInput;
/** 视频输出流 */
@property (nonatomic,strong) AVCaptureMovieFileOutput *captureMovieFileOutput;
/** 相机拍摄预览图层 */
@property (nonatomic,strong) AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer *captureVideoPreviewLayer;
/** 是否允许屏幕旋转(在录制屏幕中禁止旋转) */
@property (nonatomic,assign) BOOL enableRotation;
/** 旋转前大小 */
@property (nonatomic,assign) CGRect *lastBounds;
/** 后台任务标识 */
@property (nonatomic,assign) UIBackgroundTaskIdentifier backgroundTaskIdentifier;


@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIView *viewContainer;
/** 自动闪光按钮 */
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *flashAutoButton;
/** 打开闪光按钮 */
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *flashOnButton;
/** 关闭闪光按钮 */
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *flashOffButton;
/** 聚焦框 */
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIImageView *focusCursor;
/** 拍照按钮 */
@property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton *takeButton1;

@end

@implementation ViewController


#pragma mark - 视图控制器方法
- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
}


- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
{
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
    // 初始化会话
    _captureSession = [[AVCaptureSession alloc] init];
    if ([_captureSession canSetSessionPreset:AVCaptureSessionPreset1280x720]) { // 设置分辨率
        _captureSession.sessionPreset = AVCaptureSessionPreset1280x720;
    }

    // 获得输入设备
    AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice = [self getCameraDeviceWithPosition:AVCaptureDevicePositionBack]; // 得道后置摄像头
    if (!captureDevice) {
        NSLog(@"取得后置摄像头出现错误");
        return;
    }

    // 添加一个音频输入设备
    AVCaptureDevice *audioCaptureDevice = [[AVCaptureDevice devicesWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeAudio] firstObject];

    NSError *error = nil;
    // 根据输入设备初始化输入对象，用于获得输入数据
    _captureDeviceInput = [[AVCaptureDeviceInput alloc] initWithDevice:captureDevice error:&error];
    if (error) {
        NSLog(@"取得设备输入对象时出错，错误原因：%@",error.localizedDescription);
        return;
    }
    AVCaptureDeviceInput *audioCaptureDeviceInput = [[AVCaptureDeviceInput alloc] initWithDevice:audioCaptureDevice error:&error];
    if (error) {
        NSLog(@"取得设备输入对象时出错，错误原因：%@",error.localizedDescription);
        return;
    }

    // 初始化输出设备对象，用于获得输出数据
    _captureMovieFileOutput = [[AVCaptureMovieFileOutput alloc] init];

    // 将设备输入添加到会话中
    if ([_captureSession canAddInput:_captureDeviceInput]) {
        [_captureSession addInput:_captureDeviceInput];
        [_captureSession addInput:audioCaptureDeviceInput];
        AVCaptureConnection *captureConnection=[_captureMovieFileOutput connectionWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo];
        if ([captureConnection isVideoStabilizationSupported ]) {
            captureConnection.preferredVideoStabilizationMode=AVCaptureVideoStabilizationModeAuto;
        }
    }

    // 将设备输出添加到会话中
    if ([_captureSession canAddOutput:_captureMovieFileOutput]) {
        [_captureSession addOutput:_captureMovieFileOutput];
    }

    // 创建视频预览层，用于时实展示摄像头状态
    _captureVideoPreviewLayer = [[AVCaptureVideoPreviewLayer alloc] initWithSession:self.captureSession];
    CALayer *layer = self.viewContainer.layer;
    layer.masksToBounds = YES;  // 设置图层的圆角属性

    _captureVideoPreviewLayer.frame = layer.bounds;
    _captureVideoPreviewLayer.videoGravity = AVLayerVideoGravityResize; // 填充模式显示在layer上
    // 将视频预览层添加到界面中
    [layer insertSublayer:_captureVideoPreviewLayer below:self.focusCursor.layer];

    _enableRotation=YES;
    [self addNotificationToCaptureDevice:captureDevice];  // 给输入设备添加通知
    [self addGenstureRecognizer]; // 添加手势
    [self setFlashModeButtonStatus]; // 设置闪光灯按钮状态
}

// 在控制器视图展示和视图离开界面时启动，停止会话
- (void)viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated
{
    [super viewDidAppear:animated];
    [self.captureSession startRunning];
}

- (void)viewDidDisappear:(BOOL)animated
{
    [super viewDidDisappear:animated];
    [self.captureSession stopRunning];
}

- (BOOL)shouldAutorotate
{
    return self.enableRotation;
}
// 旋转屏幕时调整视频预览图层的方向
- (void)willRotateToInterfaceOrientation:(UIInterfaceOrientation)toInterfaceOrientation duration:(NSTimeInterval)duration
{
    AVCaptureConnection *captureConnection = [self.captureVideoPreviewLayer connection];
    captureConnection.videoOrientation = (AVCaptureVideoOrientation)toInterfaceOrientation;
}

// 旋转后重新设置大小
- (void)didRotateFromInterfaceOrientation:(UIInterfaceOrientation)fromInterfaceOrientation
{
    _captureVideoPreviewLayer.frame = self.viewContainer.bounds;
}
-(void)dealloc{
    [self removeNotification];
}

#pragma -mark 通知
/**
 * 给输入设备添加通知
 *
 */
- (void)addNotificationToCaptureDevice:(AVCaptureDevice *)captureDevice
{
    //注意添加区域改变捕获通知必须首先设置设备允许捕获
    [self changeDeviceProperty:^(AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice) {
        captureDevice.subjectAreaChangeMonitoringEnabled = YES;
    }];
    NSNotificationCenter *notificationCenter = [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
    // 捕获区域发生改变
    [notificationCenter addObserver:self selector:@selector(areaChange:) name:AVCaptureDeviceSubjectAreaDidChangeNotification object:captureDevice];
}

- (void)removeNotificationFromCaptureDevice:(AVCaptureDevice *)captureDevice
{
    NSNotificationCenter *notificationCenter = [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
    [notificationCenter removeObserver:self name:AVCaptureDeviceSubjectAreaDidChangeNotification object:captureDevice];
}

/**
 *  移除所有通知
 */
-(void)removeNotification{
    NSNotificationCenter *notificationCenter= [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
    [notificationCenter removeObserver:self];
}
-(void)addNotificationToCaptureSession:(AVCaptureSession *)captureSession{
    NSNotificationCenter *notificationCenter= [NSNotificationCenter defaultCenter];
    //会话出错
    [notificationCenter addObserver:self selector:@selector(sessionRuntimeError:) name:AVCaptureSessionRuntimeErrorNotification object:captureSession];
}

/**
 *  设备连接成功
 *
 *  @param notification 通知对象
 */
-(void)deviceConnected:(NSNotification *)notification{
    NSLog(@"设备已连接...");
}
/**
 *  设备连接断开
 *
 *  @param notification 通知对象
 */
-(void)deviceDisconnected:(NSNotification *)notification{
    NSLog(@"设备已断开.");
}
/**
 *  捕获区域改变
 *
 *  @param notification 通知对象
 */
-(void)areaChange:(NSNotification *)notification{
    NSLog(@"捕获区域改变...");
}

/**
 *  会话出错
 *
 *  @param notification 通知对象
 */
-(void)sessionRuntimeError:(NSNotification *)notification{
    NSLog(@"会话发生错误.");
}

#pragma -mark 私有方法
/**
 *  取得指定位置的摄像头
 *
 *  @param position 摄像头位置
 *
 *  @return 摄像头设备
 */
-(AVCaptureDevice *)getCameraDeviceWithPosition:(AVCaptureDevicePosition )position{
    NSArray *cameras= [AVCaptureDevice devicesWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo];
    for (AVCaptureDevice *camera in cameras) {
        if ([camera position] == position) {
            return camera;

        }
    }
    return nil;
}

/**
 * 改变设备属性的统一操作方法
 * @param propertyChange 属性改变操作
 */
- (void)changeDeviceProperty:(PropertyChangeBlock)propertyChange
{
    AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice = [self.captureDeviceInput device];
    NSError *error;
    //注意改变设备属性前一定要首先调用lockForConfiguration:调用完之后使用unlockForConfiguration方法解锁
    if ([captureDevice lockForConfiguration:&error]) {
        propertyChange(captureDevice);
        [captureDevice unlockForConfiguration];
    }else{
        NSLog(@"设置设备属性过程发生错误，错误信息：%@",error.localizedDescription);
    }
}

/**
 *  设置闪光灯模式
 *
 *  @param flashMode 闪光灯模式
 */
-(void)setFlashMode:(AVCaptureFlashMode )flashMode{
    [self changeDeviceProperty:^(AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice) {
        if ([captureDevice isFlashModeSupported:flashMode]) {
            [captureDevice setFlashMode:flashMode];
        }
    }];
}

/**
 *  设置聚焦模式
 *
 *  @param focusMode 聚焦模式
 */
-(void)setFocusMode:(AVCaptureFocusMode )focusMode{
    [self changeDeviceProperty:^(AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice) {
        if ([captureDevice isFocusModeSupported:focusMode]) {
            [captureDevice setFocusMode:focusMode];
        }
    }];
}
/**
 *  设置曝光模式
 *
 *  @param exposureMode 曝光模式
 */
-(void)setExposureMode:(AVCaptureExposureMode)exposureMode{
    [self changeDeviceProperty:^(AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice) {
        if ([captureDevice isExposureModeSupported:exposureMode]) {
            [captureDevice setExposureMode:exposureMode];
        }
    }];
}

/**
 *  设置聚焦点
 *
 *  @param point 聚焦点
 */
-(void)focusWithMode:(AVCaptureFocusMode)focusMode exposureMode:(AVCaptureExposureMode)exposureMode atPoint:(CGPoint)point{
    [self changeDeviceProperty:^(AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice) {
        if ([captureDevice isFocusModeSupported:focusMode]) {
            [captureDevice setFocusMode:AVCaptureFocusModeAutoFocus];
        }
        if ([captureDevice isFocusPointOfInterestSupported]) {
            [captureDevice setFocusPointOfInterest:point];
        }
        if ([captureDevice isExposureModeSupported:exposureMode]) {
            [captureDevice setExposureMode:AVCaptureExposureModeAutoExpose];
        }
        if ([captureDevice isExposurePointOfInterestSupported]) {
            [captureDevice setExposurePointOfInterest:point];
        }
    }];
}

/**
 * 添加手势：点按时聚焦
 *
 */
- (void)addGenstureRecognizer
{
    UITapGestureRecognizer *tapGesture = [[UITapGestureRecognizer alloc] initWithTarget:self action:@selector(tapScreen:)];
    [self.viewContainer addGestureRecognizer:tapGesture];
}
- (void)tapScreen:(UITapGestureRecognizer *)tapGesture
{
    CGPoint point= [tapGesture locationInView:self.viewContainer];
    NSLog(@"(%f,%f)",point.x,point.y);
    //将UI坐标转化为摄像头坐标
    CGPoint cameraPoint= [self.captureVideoPreviewLayer captureDevicePointOfInterestForPoint:point];
    [self setFocusCursorWithPoint:point];
    [self focusWithMode:AVCaptureFocusModeAutoFocus exposureMode:AVCaptureExposureModeAutoExpose atPoint:cameraPoint];
}


/**
 *  设置聚焦光标位置
 *
 *  @param point 光标位置
 */
-(void)setFocusCursorWithPoint:(CGPoint)point{
    self.focusCursor.center=point;
    self.focusCursor.transform=CGAffineTransformMakeScale(1.5, 1.5);
    self.focusCursor.alpha=1.0;
    [UIView animateWithDuration:1.0 animations:^{
        self.focusCursor.transform=CGAffineTransformIdentity;
    } completion:^(BOOL finished) {
        self.focusCursor.alpha=0;
    }];
}

/**
 *  设置闪光灯按钮状态
 */
-(void)setFlashModeButtonStatus{
    AVCaptureDevice *captureDevice=[self.captureDeviceInput device];
    AVCaptureFlashMode flashMode=captureDevice.flashMode;
    if([captureDevice isFlashAvailable]){  // 如果当前闪光可用（后置摄像头时闪光灯可用，前置摄像头时闪光灯不可用）
        self.flashAutoButton.hidden=NO;
        self.flashOnButton.hidden=NO;
        self.flashOffButton.hidden=NO;
        self.flashAutoButton.enabled=YES;
        self.flashOnButton.enabled=YES;
        self.flashOffButton.enabled=YES;
        switch (flashMode) {
            case AVCaptureFlashModeAuto:
                self.flashAutoButton.enabled=NO;
                break;
            case AVCaptureFlashModeOn:
                self.flashOnButton.enabled=NO;
                break;
            case AVCaptureFlashModeOff:
                self.flashOffButton.enabled=NO;
                break;
            default:
                break;
        }
    }else{
        self.flashAutoButton.hidden=YES;
        self.flashOnButton.hidden=YES;
        self.flashOffButton.hidden=YES;
    }
}

#pragma mark -按钮处理
#pragma mark 切换前后摄像头
- (IBAction)toggleButtonClick1:(UIButton *)sender
{
    // 得到当前的输入设备并删除其上面的通知
    AVCaptureDevice *currentDevice=[self.captureDeviceInput device];
    AVCaptureDevicePosition currentPosition=[currentDevice position];
    [self removeNotificationFromCaptureDevice:currentDevice];

    AVCaptureDevice *toChangeDevice;
    AVCaptureDevicePosition toChangePosition=AVCaptureDevicePositionFront;
    if (currentPosition==AVCaptureDevicePositionUnspecified||currentPosition==AVCaptureDevicePositionFront) { // 如果当前输入设备不是前置摄像头
        toChangePosition=AVCaptureDevicePositionBack;
    }
    toChangeDevice=[self getCameraDeviceWithPosition:toChangePosition]; // 取得摄像头设备
    [self addNotificationToCaptureDevice:toChangeDevice];  // 给设备加入通知
    //获得要调整的设备输入对象
    AVCaptureDeviceInput *toChangeDeviceInput=[[AVCaptureDeviceInput alloc]initWithDevice:toChangeDevice error:nil];

    //改变会话的配置前一定要先开启配置，配置完成后提交配置改变
    [self.captureSession beginConfiguration];
    //移除原有输入对象
    [self.captureSession removeInput:self.captureDeviceInput];
    //添加新的输入对象
    if ([self.captureSession canAddInput:toChangeDeviceInput]) {
        [self.captureSession addInput:toChangeDeviceInput];
        self.captureDeviceInput=toChangeDeviceInput;
    }
    //提交会话配置
    [self.captureSession commitConfiguration];


    [self setFlashModeButtonStatus];
}
#pragma mark 录制视频
- (IBAction)takeButtonClick11:(UIButton *)sender {
    //根据设备输出获得连接
    AVCaptureConnection *captureConnection=[self.captureMovieFileOutput connectionWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeVideo];
    //根据连接取得设备输出的数据
    if (![self.captureMovieFileOutput isRecording]) {  // 如果此时没有在录屏
        self.enableRotation=NO;
        //如果支持多任务则则开始多任务
        if ([[UIDevice currentDevice] isMultitaskingSupported]) {
            self.backgroundTaskIdentifier=[[UIApplication sharedApplication] beginBackgroundTaskWithExpirationHandler:nil];
        }
        //预览图层和视频方向保持一致
        captureConnection.videoOrientation=[self.captureVideoPreviewLayer connection].videoOrientation;
        NSString *outputFielPath=[NSTemporaryDirectory() stringByAppendingString:@"myMovie.mov"];
        NSLog(@"save path is :%@",outputFielPath);
        NSURL *fileUrl=[NSURL fileURLWithPath:outputFielPath];
        NSLog(@"fileUrl:%@",fileUrl);
        [self.captureMovieFileOutput startRecordingToOutputFileURL:fileUrl recordingDelegate:self];
    }
    else{
        [self.captureMovieFileOutput stopRecording];//停止录制
    }
}
#pragma mark 自动闪光灯开启
- (IBAction)flashAutoClick1:(UIButton *)sender {
    [self setFlashMode:AVCaptureFlashModeAuto];
    [self setFlashModeButtonStatus];
}
#pragma mark 打开闪光灯
- (IBAction)flashOnClick1:(UIButton *)sender {
    [self setFlashMode:AVCaptureFlashModeOn];
    [self setFlashModeButtonStatus];
}
#pragma mark 关闭闪光灯
- (IBAction)flashOffClick1:(UIButton *)sender {
    [self setFlashMode:AVCaptureFlashModeOff];
    [self setFlashModeButtonStatus];
}


#pragma mark -AVCaptureFileOutputRecordingDelegate  视频输出代理中的方法
// optional
// 当数据开始写入文件的时候调用,如果数据写入错误，则该方法不会被调用
- (void)captureOutput:(AVCaptureFileOutput *)captureOutput didStartRecordingToOutputFileAtURL:(NSURL *)fileURL fromConnections:(NSArray *)connections
{
    NSLog(@"开始录制");
}
// required
// 当数据写入完成时调用该方法
- (void)captureOutput:(AVCaptureFileOutput *)captureOutput didFinishRecordingToOutputFileAtURL:(NSURL *)outputFileURL fromConnections:(NSArray *)connections error:(NSError *)error
{
    NSLog(@"视频录制完成");
    //视频录制完成之后在后台将视频存储到相簿
    self.enableRotation = YES;
    UIBackgroundTaskIdentifier lastBackgroundTaskIdentifier = self.backgroundTaskIdentifier;
    self.backgroundTaskIdentifier = UIBackgroundTaskInvalid;
    ALAssetsLibrary *assetsLibrary = [[ALAssetsLibrary alloc] init];
    [assetsLibrary writeVideoAtPathToSavedPhotosAlbum:outputFileURL completionBlock:^(NSURL *assetURL, NSError *error) {
        if (error) {
            NSLog(@"保存视频到相簿的过程发生错误，错误信息：%@",error.localizedDescription);
        }
        NSLog(@"outputURL:%@",outputFileURL);
        [[NSFileManager defaultManager] removeItemAtURL:outputFileURL error:nil];
        if (lastBackgroundTaskIdentifier != UIBackgroundTaskInvalid) {
            [[UIApplication sharedApplication] endBackgroundTask:lastBackgroundTaskIdentifier];
        }
        NSLog(@"成功保存视频到相簿");
    }];
}
@end