之前在论坛中见到一个针对in/exists的讨论,原帖懒得找了,这里介绍一下最近的学习小结:
NOT IN和NOT EIXTS在对允许为null的列查询时会有一定的风险。特别是NOT IN,如果子查询包含了最少一个NULL,会出现非预期的结果。下面做一个演示。
IF OBJECT_ID('ShipmentItems', 'U') IS NOT NULL
DROP TABLE dbo.ShipmentItems;
GO
CREATE TABLE dbo.ShipmentItems
(
ShipmentBarcode VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL ,
Description VARCHAR(100) NULL ,
Barcode VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL
);
GO
INSERT INTO dbo.ShipmentItems
( ShipmentBarcode ,
Barcode ,
Description
)
SELECT '123456' ,
'1010203' ,
'Some cool widget'
UNION ALL
SELECT '123654' ,
'1010203' ,
'Some cool widget'
UNION ALL
SELECT '123654' ,
'1010204' ,
'Some cool stuff for some gadget';
GO
-- retrieve all the items from shipment 123654
-- that are not shipped in shipment 123456
SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123654'
AND Barcode NOT IN ( SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123456' );
/*
Barcode
------------------------------
1010204
*/
可以看出得到了期待结果。下面看看修改表结构,允许列为null的情况:
ALTER TABLE dbo.ShipmentItems
ALTER COLUMN Barcode VARCHAR(30) NULL;
INSERT INTO dbo.ShipmentItems
( ShipmentBarcode ,
Barcode ,
Description
)
SELECT '123456' ,
NULL ,
'Users manual for some gadget';
GO
SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123654'
AND Barcode NOT IN ( SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123456' );
/*
Barcode
------------------------------
*/
很多人会觉得这是一个bug,有时候能查出数据,有时候却不能。但是实际上不是bug,当NOT IN子句返回最少一个NULL时,查询会返回空,下面的语句能更好地说明这个想法:
SELECT CASE WHEN 1 NOT IN ( 2, 3 ) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False'
END ,
CASE WHEN 1 NOT IN ( 2, 3, NULL ) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False'
END;
/*
---- ----------------
True Unknown or False
*/
实际上,由于IN的本质是OR操作,所以:
SELECT CASE WHEN 1 IN ( 1, 2, NULL ) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False'
END ;
中,1 in 1,也就是为TRUE,所以返回true,这个语句的逻辑实际上是:
SELECT CASE WHEN ( 1 = 1 )
OR ( 1 = 2 )
OR ( 1 = NULL ) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False'
END ;
当使用NOT IN 时,如下面的语句:
SELECT CASE WHEN 1 NOT IN ( 1, 2, NULL ) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False'
END ;
会转变成:
SELECT CASE WHEN NOT ( ( 1 = 1 )
OR ( 1 = 2 )
OR ( 1 = NULL )
) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False' END ;
根据离散数学的概念,可以转换为:
SELECT CASE WHEN ( ( 1 <> 1 )
AND ( 1 <> 2 )
AND ( 1 <> NULL )
) THEN 'True'
ELSE 'Unknown or False'
END ;
谓词有短路特性,即在AND条件中,只要有一个条件为false,整个条件都为false,而1<>1是为false,所以后面的也不需要判断了,直接返回else部分。即使是1<>null,根据集合论的特性,NULL和实际数据的对比总是返回unknown,所以也是为false。如果你非要用NOT IN ,请确保子查询永远不会有NULL返回。或者需要额外处理去除NULL,比如:
SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123654'
AND Barcode NOT IN ( SELECT Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems
WHERE ShipmentBarcode = '123456'
AND Barcode IS NOT NULL ) ;
还有一种方法就是改写语句,用NOT EXISTS来等价替换:
SELECT i.Barcode
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems AS i
WHERE i.ShipmentBarcode = '123654'
AND NOT EXISTS ( SELECT *
FROM dbo.ShipmentItems AS i1
WHERE i1.ShipmentBarcode = '123456'
AND i1.Barcode = i.Barcode );
/*
Barcode
------------------------------
1010204
*/
另外,基于SARG要求,一般不建议用NOT IN/NOT EXISTS这种反向扫描,避免影响性能。还有一个选择使用IN/EXISTS的要点,就是多列匹配的问题,在T-SQL中,多列同时匹配要用EXISTS,而单列匹配可以用EXISTS/IN。可能可以用其他写法来实现IN的多列匹配,但是一般我个人会选择使用EXISTS来匹配多列。
原文出自:CSDN博客:黄钊吉的博客