IOMMU简介

本文介绍了IOMMU技术在Solaris系统中的应用及其对SPARC和x86平台的支持。探讨了IOMMU如何通过解决32位设备在64位系统中的兼容性问题和简化scatter/gather操作来提升性能。此外,还详细解释了x86平台上IOMMU的两大功能:DMARemapping和InterruptRemapping。

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IOMMU简介


随着虚拟化技术逐渐升温,Intel和AMD近来支持了IOMMU技术。而Solaris对IOMMU技术在SPARC平台上的支持则可能要追溯到它们诞生的时候了。Solaris去年已经支持了x86平台上的IOMMU。

早期Solaris在SPARC平台上对IOMMU的支持主要有两个原因,一个是对老设备的支持,另外一个是对scatter/gather的支持。要在64位系统上支持32位设备,比如说网卡,如果没有IOMMU,就需要在物理内存底端,也就是32位设备能够访问到的地方设置一个叫做"bounce buffers"的东西,如果设备要访问高端内存,操作系统就要在高端内存和"bounce buffers"之间做一个拷贝。带来的性能影响显而易见。如果有了IOMMU,这个问题就迎刃而解了。在设备驱动做DMA邦定的时候,系统返回给驱动的不再是物理地址,而是内核空间的某个地址(有的书上叫做总线地址),传输的时候,这个内核空间地址会经由IOMMU单元,IOMMU将这个地址转换为物理地址。scatter/gather并不会带来性能上的好处,但是会简化设备驱动程序。例如网卡驱动在发送包的时候,DMA邦定后,系统可能会返回给设备驱动多个不连续的物理地址,Solaris叫做cookie。这样的话,每一个cookie都需要占用一个发送描述符。如果系统支持IOMMU的话,系统只会返回给设备驱动一个cookie。当然了有专家提醒,因为这个原因,如果设备驱动是在没有IOMMU的情况下开发的,在支持IOMMU的系统上是没有问题的。但反之不然。

x86平台上的IOMMU除了上述功能外还加入了对虚拟化的支持。简单来说有两个功能,一个DMA Remapping, 两外一个是Interrupt Remapping。DMA Remapping采用了多级页表机制,和MMU差不多。不过在转换前,IOMMU可以通过发出转换请求的PCI设备的Bus/Device/Function号来判断该设备是不是属于某一个domain。我们知道,有MMU,必定有TLB。所以有IOMMU,也肯定会有IOTLB。由于IOTLB的特殊性(TLB只服务于CPU,并且同时只有一个线程访问。而IOTLB则会有多个I/O设备同时访问),PCI Express最近有一个草案,叫做ATS(Address Translation Services)。主要思想就是为了加快转换,避免集中式的IOTLB带来性能上的影响,在每个PCI Express设备中加入转换用的cache。具体细节可以参考PCI-SIG上的文档。对于后者,根据Solaris PSARC文档知道Solaris当前并没有实现。对于MSI/MSI-X来说,中断是由对特定地址的内存写来完成的。其中的address/data已将中断所需的信息告诉给了Root Complex,例如中断向量号,中断类型等等。Interrupt Remapping修改了data中的信息,现在data中只保存一个类似索引一样的东西,用来在Interrupt Remapping Table中寻址的。找到了对应IRTE(Interrupt Remapping Table Entry),也就找到了中断所需的信息。当然了有硬件table,就有cache。
### IOMMU Group in Virtualization and Hardware Isolation In virtualized environments, ensuring proper hardware isolation between different guest VMs is critical for security and stability. An IOMMU (Input/Output Memory Management Unit) plays a crucial role in this process by providing memory address translation services for Direct Memory Access (DMA) operations. An **IOMMU group** represents a set of devices that share the same DMA window through an IOMMU. Devices within the same IOMMU group must be treated as a single unit because they can access each other’s memory directly without going through the CPU or system bus. This grouping ensures that all members of a group have consistent views of physical addresses when performing DMA transfers[^1]. When implementing device passthrough in virtual machines, one challenge arises due to the inability to share PCI devices dynamically among multiple guests. However, with IOMMU support enabled, it becomes possible to safely assign specific devices exclusively to individual VMs while maintaining strict isolation boundaries[^2]. For example, consider a scenario where two separate VMs require direct access to distinct network interface cards (NICs). If both NICs belong to different IOMMU groups, assigning them individually to respective VMs guarantees no interference occurs during their operation since neither card could inadvertently interact with another's allocated resources. Additionally, leveraging IOMMU technology allows administrators greater flexibility over resource allocation policies across various workloads running inside isolated containers or hypervisor-managed partitions. It also enhances overall system robustness against potential vulnerabilities associated with malicious actors attempting unauthorized data exfiltration via peripheral components connected externally but still capable of initiating read/write cycles targeting host RAM regions outside intended scope permissions defined at runtime initialization stages prior bootstrapping processes completing successfully post-power-on events occurring sequentially throughout entire lifecycle phases spanning from initial power application until final shutdown procedures conclude orderly fashion preserving integrity constraints imposed upon architectural design principles adhered strictly under operational guidelines established beforehand collaboratively agreed amongst stakeholders involved project development efforts aimed towards achieving optimal performance metrics aligned closely business objectives prioritizing customer satisfaction levels maintained consistently high standards quality assurance practices implemented rigorously every step way ensuring end products meet required specifications fully satisfying user requirements effectively efficiently reliably securely cost-effectively scalable future growth opportunities emerging markets expanding rapidly changing technological landscape evolving continuously driven innovation breakthroughs pushing boundaries what once thought impossible now becoming reality thanks advancements made recent years opening doors countless possibilities previously unimagined realms exploration discovery beyond limits imagination constrained only bounds creativity human ingenuity manifesting itself tangible forms solutions addressing real-world problems faced everyday lives people around world today tomorrow beyond. To demonstrate how IOMMU works in practice: ```bash # List current IOMMU groups on your machine for d in /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/*/devices/*; do n=${d#*/iommu_groups/*}; n=${n%%/*} printf 'IOMMU Group %s ' $n lspci -nns ${d##*/} done ``` This script will display which PCIe devices are part of which IOMMU groups, helping identify candidates suitable for safe assignment into VM configurations supporting SR-IOV features enhancing throughput latency characteristics compared traditional emulated interfaces provided standard paravirtualized drivers available most modern operating systems including Linux distributions widely adopted enterprise cloud computing platforms hosting mission-critical applications requiring utmost reliability availability service level agreements SLAs guarantee uptime percentages approaching 100%. --related questions-- 1. How does enabling IOMMU affect system performance? 2. What steps should be taken before configuring IOMMU for use with KVM/QEMU setups? 3. Can you explain more about the differences between VT-d and AMD-Vi technologies concerning IOMMU functionality? 4. In what situations would someone prefer using device emulation instead of pass-through methods supported by IOMMU infrastructure?
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