Java static keyword

最新推荐文章于 2024-09-21 10:38:43 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-09-21 10:38:43 发布

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分类专栏： Java 文章标签： java variables class initialization methods instantiation

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All about "static"

The static keyword can be used in 3 scenarios

1) static variables2) static methods3) static blocks of code.

Lets look at static variables and static methods first.

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static variable

It is a variable which belongs to the class and not to object(instance)
Static variables are initialized only once , at the start of the execution . These variables will be initialized first, before the initialization of any instance variables
A single copy to be shared by all instances of the class
A static variable can be accessed directly by the class name and doesn’t need any object
Syntax : <class-name>.<variable-name>

static method

It is a method which belongs to the class and not to the object(instance)

A static method can access only static data. It can not access non-static data (instance variables)
A static method can call only other static methods and can not call a non-static method from it.
A static method can be accessed directly by the class name and doesn’t need any object
Syntax : <class-name>.<method-name>
A static method cannot refer to "this" or "super" keywords in anyway

Important Note

main method is static , since it must be be accessible for an application to run , before any instantiation takes place.

Lets learn the nuances of the static keywords by doing some excercises!

Assignment

The goal of this assignment is to learn working of static variables & method

Step 1) Copy the following code into a editor

```
class Student {
```
```
int a; //initialized to zero
```

static int b; //initialized to zero only when class is loaded not for each object created.

```
 
```
```
  Student(){
```

   //Constructor incrementing static variable b

```
   b++;
```
```
  }
```
```
 
```
```
 
```
```
   public void showData(){
```

      System.out.println("Value of a = "+a);

      System.out.println("Value of b = "+b);

```
   }
```
```
//public static void increment(){
```
```
//a++;
```
```
//}
```
```
 
```
```
}
```
```
 
```
```
class Demo{
```

   public static void main(String args[]){

```
     Student s1 = new Student();
```
```
     s1.showData();
```
```
     Student s2 = new Student();
```
```
     s2.showData();
```
```
     //Student.b++;
```
```
     //s1.showData();
```
```
  }
```
```
}
```

Step 2) Save & Compile the code. Run the code as, java Demo.

Step 3) Expected output show below

Following diagram shows , how reference variables & objects are created and static variables are accessed by the different instances.

Step 4) It is possible to access a static variable from outside the class using the syntax ClassName.Variable_Name. Uncomment line # 27 & 28 . Save , Compile & Run . Observe the output.

Step 5) Uncomment line 15,16 & 17 . Save , Compile & Run.

Step 5) Error = ? This is because it is not possible to access instance variable "a" from static method "increment".

static block

The static block, is a block of statement inside a Java class that will be executed when a class is first loaded in to the JVM

```
class Test{
```
```
 
```
```
  static {
```
```
 
```
```
     //Code goes here
```
```
 
```
```
  }
```
```
 
```
```
}
```

A static block helps to initialize the static data members, just like constructors help to initialize instance members

转载http://www.javatutorialhub.com/wiki/All_about_%22static%22

Question：

Quick question -

When are static fields initialized? If I never instantiate a class, but I access a static field, are ALL the static blocks and private static methods used to instantiate private static fields called (in order) at that instant?

What if I call a static method? Does it also run all the static blocks? Before the method?

Answer：

A classes static initialization normally happens immediately before the first time one of the following events occurs:

an instance of the class is created,
a static method of the class is invoked,
a static field of the class is assigned,
a non-constant static field is used, or
for a top-level class, an assert statement lexically nested within the class is executed.

See JLS 12.4.1.

It is also possible to force a class to initialize (if it hasn't already initialized) by using Class.forName(String, boolean, ClassLoader)

转载http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3499214/java-static-class-initialization