从 别人哪里转载的,写的很好
一、相关概念
GCD全称Grand Central Dispatch,是Apple提供的一套低层API,提供了一种新的方法来进行并发程序编写。GCD有点像NSOperationQueue,但它比NSOpertionQueue更底层更高效,并且它不是Cocoa框架的一部分。GCD的API很大程度上基于block,当然,GCD也可以脱离block来使用,比如使用传统c机制提供函数指针和上下文指针。实践证明,当配合block使用时,GCD非常简单易用且能发挥其最大能力。
二、初步使用
1、队列:GCD使程序员可以不直接和线程打交道,而是通过把任务分配给dispatch queues,然后让这些queues去执行task,其中涉及到的三种队列如下:
1)、main queue:main_queue 与主线程功能相同,提交至main queue的任务会在主线程中执行,这是一个串行队列,使用dispatch_get_main_queue()获取;
2)、Global queues:全局队列是并发队列,并由整个进程共享,进程中存在三个全局队列:高、中(默认)、低三个优先级队列,使用dispatch_get_global_queue()获取;
3)、用户队列:GCD并不这样称呼这种队列, 但是没有一个特定的名字来形容这种队列,所以称其为用户队列,它是用函数dispatch_queue_create()创建的串行队列。
- // main_queue 与主线程功能相同,串行
- dispatch_queue_t mQueue =dispatch_get_main_queue();
- // 全局队列是并发队列,并行
- dispatch_queue_t gQueue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- // 用户队列,串行
- dispatch_queue_t oQueue = dispatch_queue_create("com.fcplay.MyQueue", NULL);
注意:dispatch_get_global_queue的第一个参数可为DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_LOW、DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT和DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_HIGH,分别代表高、中(默认)、低三种级别队列,区别就是CPU时间片的不同,至于第二个参数,被保留了,所以一直是0就对了;dispatch_queue_create的第一个参数要保证其为全局唯一,Apple官方就推荐使用反DNS的格式来命名,这纯是为了debug,这些名字会在崩溃日志中被显示出来,也可以被调试器调用,这在调试中会很有用,第二个参数目前还不支持,传入NULL就行了。
2、dispatch_async与dispatch_sync:这两货主要用于提交Job(作业,就是干活),也就是说当我们想向一个队列提交Job时,只要调用这个函数,传入一个队列和一个block就OK了。但他们也有很大区别,从名字上看就可以看出前者是异步的,后者是同步的,也就是说dispatch_async 函数在调用后会立即返回, block会在后台异步执行;而dispatch_sync会等待block中的代码执行完成才返回。
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
- [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];
- NSLog(@"Call1");
- });
- NSLog(@"Call2");
这肯定是先Call2再Call1;
- dispatch_sync(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
- [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];
- NSLog(@"Call1");
- });
- NSLog(@"Call2");
这里打印就是Call1再Call2。另外关于dispatch_sync这个方法,我们还需要知道一个原则,就是当你在方法中使用同步分配时,GCD就会把这个task放到你声明的这个方法所属的线程中去运行。例如上面dispatch_sync这段代码,我们会发现这个任务会被放在主线程中运行。苹果这这样解释的:As an optimization, this function invokes the block on the current thread when possible. 如果我们还是想让它在一个并发队列中执行,怎么办呢?借助dispatch_async这货吧,这里卡你个例子:
- dispatch_queue_t concurrentQueue =
- dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- dispatch_async(concurrentQueue,^{
- dispatch_sync(concurrentQueue, printFrom1To1000);
- dispatch_sync(concurrentQueue, printFrom1To1000);
- });
可以看到,先异步,然后里面再嵌同步,这样就可以保证你的同步分配的任务不会在主线程中运行了。
3、dispatch group:可以用来将多个block组成一组以监测这些Block全部完成或者等待全部完成时发出的消息。它使用函数dispatch_group_create来创建,然后使用函数dispatch_group_async来将block提交至一个dispatch queue,同时将它们添加至一个组。例如很多情况下,我们可能需要在做完一系列工作后,最后来一个函数汇总,如下代码:
- for(id obj in array)
- [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj];
- [self doSomethingWith:array];
这时候如果直接使用dispatch_async就悲剧了,如下面的写法是达不到效果的:
- dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- for(id obj in array)
- dispatch_async(queue, ^{
- [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj];
- });
- [self doSomethingWith:array];
被告诉我你直接用dispatch_sync,咱要异步啊。除了dispatch_sync我们还可以使用dispatch_group_t group配合 dispatch_group_wait 来实现:
- dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
- for(id obj in array)
- dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{
- [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj];
- });
- dispatch_group_wait(group, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
- dispatch_release(group);
- [self doSomethingWith:array];
这段代码中,dispatch_group_wait用于阻塞等待对array中的obj都执行完doSomethingIntensiveWith后再往下执行,其实很多时候我们还可以用dispatch_group_notify实现更完美的方案:
- dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- dispatch_group_t group = dispatch_group_create();
- for(id obj in array)
- dispatch_group_async(group, queue, ^{
- [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:obj];
- });
- dispatch_group_notify(group, queue, ^{
- [self doSomethingWith:array];
- });
- dispatch_release(group);
4、dispatch_apply:对于同步执行,GCD还有一个简化方法叫做dispatch_apply,用于执行某个代码片段N次,如:
- dispatch_apply(5, globalQ, ^(size_t index) {
- // 执行5次
- });
这里还用上面例子可以这样实现:
- dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- dispatch_apply([array count], queue, ^(size_t index){
- [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:[array objectAtIndex:index]];
- });
- [self doSomethingWith:array];
异步怎么办?只要用dispatch_async函数将所有代码推到后台就行了,如下:
- dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_qeueue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- dispatch_async(queue, ^{
- dispatch_apply([array count], queue, ^(size_t index){
- [self doSomethingIntensiveWith:[array objectAtIndex:index]];
- });
- [self doSomethingWith:array];
- });
5、dispatch_barrier_async:是在前面的任务执行结束后它才执行,而且它后面的任务等它执行完成之后才会执行。
- dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("com.fcplay.MyQueue", NULL);
- dispatch_async(queue, ^{
- [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:2];
- NSLog(@"dispatch_async1");
- });
- dispatch_async(queue, ^{
- [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:4];
- NSLog(@"dispatch_async2");
- });
- dispatch_barrier_async(queue, ^{
- NSLog(@"dispatch_barrier_async");
- [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:4];
- });
- dispatch_async(queue, ^{
- [NSThread sleepForTimeInterval:1];
- NSLog(@"dispatch_async3");
- });
运行结果如下,请注意执行的时间:
2014-02-14 14:20:33.967 gcdTest[45547:11203] dispatch_async1
2014-02-14 14:20:35.967 gcdTest[45547:11303] dispatch_async2
2014-02-14 14:20:35.967 gcdTest[45547:11303]dispatch_barrier_async
2014-02-14 14:20:40.970 gcdTest[45547:11303] dispatch_async3
6、其他:还有dispatch_once_t、dispatch_time_t之类的看下面代码
- // 一次性执行:
- static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
- dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
- // code to be executed once
- });
- // 延迟2秒执行:
- double delayInSeconds = 2.0;
- dispatch_time_t popTime = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, delayInSeconds * NSEC_PER_SEC);
- dispatch_after(popTime, dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^(void){
- // code to be executed on the main queue after delay
- });
三、使用例子
1、简单下载图片并显示
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
- NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://avatar.csdn.net/2/C/D/1_totogo2010.jpg"];
- NSData * data = [[NSData alloc]initWithContentsOfURL:url];
- UIImage *image = [[UIImage alloc]initWithData:data];
- if (data != nil) {
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
- self.imageView.image = image;
- });
- }
- });
当然你采用这样的结构来写:
- dispatch_queue_t concurrentQueue =
- dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0);
- dispatch_async(concurrentQueue, ^{
- __block UIImage *image = nil;
- dispatch_sync(concurrentQueue, ^{
- /* Download the image here */
- });
- dispatch_sync(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
- /* Show the image to the user here on the main queue*/
- });
- });
2、带提示下载图片
- //显示loading
- self.indicator.hidden = NO;
- [self.indicator startAnimating];
- //进入异步线程
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_global_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_PRIORITY_DEFAULT, 0), ^{
- //异步下载图片
- NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"http://anImageUrl"];
- NSData * data = [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:url];
- //网络请求之后进入主线程
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
- //关闭loading
- [self.indicator stopAnimating];
- self.indicator.hidden = YES;
- if (data) {//显示图片
- self.imageView.image = [UIImage imageWithData:data];
- }
- });
- });
3、贴几段斯坦福大学关于gcd的代码,这段代码逐步演示了如何修正错误,其中用到的既是串行队列。这个是原始代码:
- - (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
- {
- NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:photo.URL];
- UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData];
- self.imageView.image = image;
- self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height);
- self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size;
- }
这个是采用gcdd的代码,里面有错误3处:
- - (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
- {
- dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL);
- dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{
- NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:photo.URL];
- UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData];
- self.imageView.image = image;
- self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height);
- self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size;
- });
- }
第一个错误,UI更新只能在主线程中 Problem! UIKit calls can only happen in the main thread!
改正后如下:
- - (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
- {
- dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL);
- dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{
- NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:photo.URL];
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
- UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData];
- self.imageView.image = image;
- self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height);
- self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size;
- });
- }); }
第二个错误,NSManagedObjectContext并不是线程安全的,gcd中访问成员变量有危险
Problem! NSManagedObjectContext is not thread safe,
so we can’t call photo.URL in downloadQueue’s t
改正后如下:
- - (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
- {
- NSString *url = photo.URL;
- dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL);
- dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{
- NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:url];
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
- UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData];
- self.imageView.image = image;
- self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height);
- self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size;
- }); });
- }
第三个错误,队列创建后没有释放,内存泄露,改正后:
- - (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated
- {
- NSString *url = photo.URL;
- dispatch_queue_t downloadQueue = dispatch_queue_create(“Flickr downloader”, NULL);
- dispatch_async(downloadQueue, ^{
- NSData *imageData = [FlickrFetcher imageDataForPhotoWithURLString:url];
- dispatch_async(dispatch_get_main_queue(), ^{
- UIImage *image = [UIImage imageWithData:imageData];
- self.imageView.image = image;
- self.imageView.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, image.size.width, image.size.height);
- self.scrollView.contentSize = image.size;
- }); });
- dispatch_release(downloadQueue); //won’t actually go away until queue is empty }
四、总结
GCD极大地方便了iOS开发者使用多线程来完成数据与UI的交互,且充分利用了当今处理器的多核功能,既提高了效率又方便了使用。最后特别提醒NSManagedObjectContext并不是线程安全的,gcd中访问成员变量有危险。另外dispatch_sync这货有一个原则,就是当你在方法中使用同步分配时,GCD就会把这个task放到你声明的这个方法所属的线程中去运行。善用dispatch_sync和dispatch_async能给予你很多意想不到的方便。