12点半了。好久没更新C++博文了。把一个章节看完了。接下来说下C++里的操作符重载和以后的内容。时间晚了,可能打字没打好。望大家见谅。
C++中有个operator操作符概念。如果想重载+运算符,那么需要写成operator+()。一般两个数相加是这么调用的:
a = b+c; == a = b.operator+(c);
当调用操作符,会有一个隐式的调用。把自己的对象作为操作符的对象。然后显示调用参数c。
重点介绍友元函数。因为重载了运算符后可能出现类似:
a = 1.5 + c;
此时按照上面的说法。1.5不是一个对象。无法完成操作,这时候就需要友元函数了,其实友元函数就是类的非成员函数,不会隐式的将自身对象也作为参数。
然后贴三段代码,注释写的还算详细。大家可以复制后去运行下看下结果。代码是从C++Primer Plus里抄过来的。
mytime0.h
#ifndef MYTIME0_H_
#define MYTIME0_H_
#include <iostream>
class Time
{
private:
int hours;
int minutes;
public:
Time();
Time(int h, int m = 0);
void AddMin(int m);
void AddHr(int h);
void Reset(int h = 0, int m = 0);
Time Sum(const Time & t)const;
// 接下来时重载+运算符的函数
Time operator+(const Time & t)const;
void Show()const;
// 重载-运算符的函数
Time operator-(const Time & t)const;
// 重载*运算符的函数
Time operator*(double n)const;
// 友元函数 类似 a+b 的原型是 a.operator+(b); 所以如果 5*a 则5没有那个重载的函数,这时就不能使用类的成员函数了,需要友元函数来进行操作,类友元函数也就是非成员函数
friend Time operator*(double m, const Time & t){return t * m;} //内联函数,调用该类的成员函数,这里也就是上面那个函数。
// 友元函数。对于那些非成员重载操作符函数来说,操作符左面的操作数对应函数的第一个参数。类似 c = a+b 类似于 c = operator+(a,b)
friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Time & t);
};
#endif
mytime0.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
Time::Time()
{
hours = minutes = 0;
}
Time::Time(int h, int m)
{
hours = h;
minutes = m;
}
void Time::AddMin(int m)
{
minutes += m;
hours += minutes / 60;
minutes %= 60;
}
void Time::AddHr(int h)
{
hours += h;
}
void Time::Reset(int h, int m)
{
hours = h;
minutes = m;
}
Time Time::Sum(const Time & t)const
{
Time sum;
sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;
sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes/60;
sum.minutes %= 60;
return sum;
}
// 重载加号运算符的版本
Time Time::operator+(const Time & t)const
{
Time sum;
sum.minutes = minutes + t.minutes;
sum.hours = hours + t.hours + sum.minutes/60;
sum.minutes %= 60;
return sum;
}
Time Time::operator-(const Time & t)const
{
Time diff;
int tot1, tot2;
tot1 = t.minutes + 60 * t.hours;
tot2 = minutes + 60 * hours;
diff.minutes = (tot2 - tot1) % 60;
diff.hours = (tot2 - tot1) / 60;
return diff;
}
Time Time::operator*(double n)const
{
Time result;
long totalminutes = hours * n * 60 + minutes * n;
result.hours = totalminutes / 60;
result.minutes = totalminutes % 60;
return result;
}
std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & os, const Time & t)
{
os << t.hours << "hours, " << t.minutes << " minutes";
return os;
}
void Time::Show()const
{
std::cout << hours << " hours, " << minutes << " minutes";
}
//usetime0.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "mytime0.h"
int main()
{
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
Time planning;
Time coding(2, 40);
Time fixing(5, 55);
Time total;
cout << "planning time = ";
planning.Show();
cout << endl;
cout << "coding time = ";
coding.Show();
cout << endl;
cout << "fixing time = ";
fixing.Show();
cout << endl;
// total = coding.Sum(fixing);
// 重载加号运算符的版本
total = coding + fixing;
cout << "coding + fixing = ";
total.Show();
cout << endl;
Time morefixing(3 ,20);
cout << "more fixing time = ";
morefixing.Show();
cout << endl;
total = morefixing.operator+(total);
cout << "morefixing.operator+(total) = ";
total.Show();
cout << endl;
Time aida(3, 35);
Time tosca(2, 48);
Time temp;
cout << "Aida and TOsca:\n";
cout << aida <<"; " << tosca << endl;
temp = aida + tosca; // operator+()
cout << "Aida + Tosca: " << temp << endl;
temp = aida*1.17;
cout << "Aida *1.17: " << temp << endl;
cout << "10 * Tosca: " << 10 * tosca << endl;
return 0;
}
然后接下来说下类的强制转换和自动转换。
类的自动转换就是,如果你定义了一个只接受一个参数的构造函数,那么在调用构造函数时,如果碰到匹配的参数,直接可以将一个基本类型转换为相应的类类型。其中有几种隐式转换的情况。
1.将某个对象初始化为某个值时。
2.将某个值赋值某个对象。
3.将某值传递给接收某对象参数的函数时。
4.返回值被声明为某个对象的函数返回一个某值时。
5.以上情况中,如果另一个值可以转化为某值时。
使用explicit关键字可以强制使用显式构造函数,可以避免把某值转化为某对象。
如果想进行相反的转换,那么就需要使用C++操作符函数-------转换函数。转换函数是用户自定义的强制类型转换。使用转换函数得注意以下三点:
1.转换函数必须是类方法。
2.转换函数不能指定返回类型。
3.转换函数不能有参数。
同样的,也上三段代码。
stonewt.h
#ifndef STONEWT_H_
#define STONEWT_H_
class Stonewt
{
private:
enum{Lbs_per_stn = 14};
int stone;
double pds_left;
double pounds;
public:
Stonewt(double lbs);
Stonewt(int stn, double lbs);
Stonewt();
~Stonewt();
void show_lbs()const;
void show_stn()const;
// 转换函数,将对象转换为内置类型
operator int()const;
operator double()const;
};
#endif
stonewt.cpp
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "stonewt.h"
Stonewt::Stonewt(double lbs)
{
stone = int(lbs)/Lbs_per_stn;
pds_left = int(lbs)%Lbs_per_stn + lbs - int(lbs);
pounds = lbs;
}
Stonewt::Stonewt(int stn, double lbs)
{
stone = stn;
pds_left = lbs;
pounds = stn * Lbs_per_stn + lbs;
}
Stonewt::Stonewt()
{
stone = pounds = pds_left = 0;
}
Stonewt::~Stonewt()
{
}
void Stonewt::show_stn()const
{
cout << stone << " stone." << pds_left << " pounds\n";
}
void Stonewt::show_lbs()const
{
cout << pounds << " pounds\n";
}
// 转换方法 不带参数,不带返回值类型
Stonewt::operator int() const
{
return int(pounds+0.5);
}
Stonewt::operator double() const
{
return pounds;
}
stone.cpp
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
#include "stonewt.h"
void display(const Stonewt st, int n);
int main()
{
Stonewt pavarotti = 260; //调用构造函数,因为260能转化为浮点型
Stonewt wolfe(285.7); //类似Stonewt wolfe = 285.7;
Stonewt taft(21,8);
cout << "The tenor weighted ";
pavarotti.show_stn();
cout << "THe detective weighted ";
wolfe.show_stn();
cout << "The President weighed ";
taft.show_lbs();
pavarotti = 256.8; //构造函数进行初始化
taft = 325; //和 taft = Stonewt(325);一样
cout << "After dinner, the tenor weighed ";
pavarotti.show_stn();
cout << "After dinner, the president weighed ";
taft.show_lbs();
display(taft, 2);
cout << "The wrestler weighted even more.\n";
display(422, 2); //将422转化乘 Stonewt对象
cout << "No stone left unearned\n";
// 使用转换函数将类对象转化为基本类型
Stonewt poppins(9, 28);
double p_wt = poppins;
cout << "COnvert to double => ";
cout << "Poppins: " << p_wt << " pounds.\n";
cout << "Convert to int => ";
cout << "Poppins: " << int(poppins) << " pounds.\n";
return 0;
}
void display(const Stonewt st, int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
cout << "Wow! ";
st.show_stn();
}
}
好了,写完就要1点了。准备休息,周末继续更新。