定义
观察者模式(observer pattern)定义了对象之间的一对多依赖,这样一来,当一个对象改变状态时,它的所有依赖者都会接收到通知并自动更新。
类图
代码实现
下面以气象站为例子,说明观察者模式的实现。先给出类图如下。
定义主题接口,所有具体的主题都要实现这个接口。
public interface Subject {
// 注册/注销观察者
public void registerObserver(Observer o);
public void removeObserver(Observer o);
// 当主题内容改变时,通知观察者
public void notifyObservers();
}
定义观察者接口。
public interface Observer {
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure);
}
气象站作为具体的主题,实现Subject接口。
import java.util.*;
public class WeatherData implements Subject {
private ArrayList observers;
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
private float pressure;
public WeatherData() {
observers = new ArrayList();
}
public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
observers.add(o);
}
public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
int i = observers.indexOf(o);
if (i >= 0) {
observers.remove(i);
}
}
public void notifyObservers() {
for (int i = 0; i < observers.size(); i++) {
Observer observer = (Observer)observers.get(i);
observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
}
}
public void measurementsChanged() {
notifyObservers();
}
public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
this.pressure = pressure;
measurementsChanged();
}
// other WeatherData methods here
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
}
定义前端显示接口,前端显示是可能发生变化或者扩展的部分,应该独立封装。
public interface DisplayElement {
public void display();
}
具体的观察者实现Observer接口。当气象站的数据改变时,主题会通知所有观察者,update()方法被调用,数据更新后显示在前端。
观察者1:显示当前的观测
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
// 主题接口对象,订阅/取消订阅天气数据
private Subject weatherData;
public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature
+ "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
}
}
观察者2:显示天气预报
import java.util.*;
public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float currentPressure = 29.92f;
private float lastPressure;
private WeatherData weatherData;
public ForecastDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
lastPressure = currentPressure;
currentPressure = pressure;
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.print("Forecast: ");
if (currentPressure > lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
} else if (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
System.out.println("More of the same");
} else if (currentPressure < lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
}
}
}
观察者3:显示酷热指数
public class HeatIndexDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
float heatIndex = 0.0f;
private WeatherData weatherData;
public HeatIndexDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float t, float rh, float pressure) {
heatIndex = computeHeatIndex(t, rh);
display();
}
// 计算酷热指数,来自气象学的公式
private float computeHeatIndex(float t, float rh) {
float index = (float)((16.923 + (0.185212 * t) + (5.37941 * rh) - (0.100254 * t * rh)
+ (0.00941695 * (t * t)) + (0.00728898 * (rh * rh))
+ (0.000345372 * (t * t * rh)) - (0.000814971 * (t * rh * rh)) +
(0.0000102102 * (t * t * rh * rh)) - (0.000038646 * (t * t * t)) + (0.0000291583 *
(rh * rh * rh)) + (0.00000142721 * (t * t * t * rh)) +
(0.000000197483 * (t * rh * rh * rh)) - (0.0000000218429 * (t * t * t * rh * rh)) +
0.000000000843296 * (t * t * rh * rh * rh)) -
(0.0000000000481975 * (t * t * t * rh * rh * rh)));
return index;
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Heat index is " + heatIndex);
}
}
观察者4:显示温度的平均值,最大值,最小值
import java.util.*;
public class StatisticsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float maxTemp = 0.0f;
private float minTemp = 200;
private float tempSum= 0.0f;
private int numReadings;
private WeatherData weatherData;
public StatisticsDisplay(WeatherData weatherData) {
this.weatherData = weatherData;
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
}
public void update(float temp, float humidity, float pressure) {
tempSum += temp;
numReadings++;
if (temp > maxTemp) {
maxTemp = temp;
}
if (temp < minTemp) {
minTemp = temp;
}
display();
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Avg/Max/Min temperature = " + (tempSum / numReadings)
+ "/" + maxTemp + "/" + minTemp);
}
}
测试启动代码
import java.util.*;
public class WeatherStation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// new 天气主题对象
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
// new 观察者对象,并注册到主题对象
CurrentConditionsDisplay currentDisplay =
new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
ForecastDisplay forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
// 更新主题数据,并通知所有观察者对象
weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
}
}
熟悉Java API的朋友可能注意到,Java API有内置的观察者模式,java.util.Observable和java.util.Observer。这两个和我们上面介绍的Subject/Observer接口很类似。我们先给出以Observable/Observer实现的新的气象站设计后,然后对比双方的优缺点。
可观察者实现。
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
public class WeatherData extends Observable {
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
private float pressure;
public WeatherData() { }
public void measurementsChanged() {
setChanged();
notifyObservers();
}
public void setMeasurements(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) {
this.temperature = temperature;
this.humidity = humidity;
this.pressure = pressure;
measurementsChanged();
}
public float getTemperature() {
return temperature;
}
public float getHumidity() {
return humidity;
}
public float getPressure() {
return pressure;
}
}
观察者1:显示当前的观测
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
Observable observable;
private float temperature;
private float humidity;
public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable) {
this.observable = observable;
observable.addObserver(this);
}
public void update(Observable obs, Object arg) {
if (obs instanceof WeatherData) {
WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData)obs;
this.temperature = weatherData.getTemperature();
this.humidity = weatherData.getHumidity();
display();
}
}
public void display() {
System.out.println("Current conditions: " + temperature
+ "F degrees and " + humidity + "% humidity");
}
}
观察者2:显示天气预报
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
public class ForecastDisplay implements Observer, DisplayElement {
private float currentPressure = 29.92f;
private float lastPressure;
public ForecastDisplay(Observable observable) {
observable.addObserver(this);
}
public void update(Observable observable, Object arg) {
if (observable instanceof WeatherData) {
WeatherData weatherData = (WeatherData)observable;
lastPressure = currentPressure;
currentPressure = weatherData.getPressure();
display();
}
}
public void display() {
System.out.print("Forecast: ");
if (currentPressure > lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Improving weather on the way!");
} else if (currentPressure == lastPressure) {
System.out.println("More of the same");
} else if (currentPressure < lastPressure) {
System.out.println("Watch out for cooler, rainy weather");
}
}
}
测试启动代码
public class WeatherStation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WeatherData weatherData = new WeatherData();
CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditions = new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay = new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
ForecastDisplay forecastDisplay = new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);
weatherData.setMeasurements(80, 65, 30.4f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(82, 70, 29.2f);
weatherData.setMeasurements(78, 90, 29.2f);
}
}
两种观察者模式的对比:
Observable是类,Subject是接口
Observable是类的优点是子类的代码会更加简洁,子类中无需实现addObserver()/deleteObserver()/notifyObservers()等方法,因为父类已经实现了。
缺点是因为Observable是类,所以要设计一个类来继承它。如果某类想同时具有Observable和另一个超类的行为,就会陷入两难,毕竟java不支持多重继承。这限制了Observable的复用潜力。
另外,Observable中的setChanged()方法被设置为protected,这意味着,除非你继承自Observable,否则你无法创建Observable实例并组合到你自己的对象中来(因为组合后的Observable实例无法访问setChanged()方法)。这个违反了OO原则3(多用组合,少用继承)。
Observable有增加setChanged()方法,这样可以让你在更新观察者时,更具有弹性。比如在这个案例中,你可以选择在温度变化超过多少度时,才通知观察者,这样可以避免因为非常微小的温度变化而导致的频繁通知观察者。
Observable提供了notifyObservers()和notifyObservers(Object arg)两个方法通知观察者。
如果你想push数据给观察者,你可以把数据对象传递给notifyObservers(Object arg)方法,观察者实现的update(Observable obs, Object arg)方法被调用时,数据对象会通过arg参数传递给update方法。
当调用notifyObservers()方法时,arg参数为空,这时需要观察者通过obs对象pull数据,本案例weatherData.getPressure就是pull数据的例子。
该模式体现了哪些OO原则
-
具体主题WeatherData的notifyObservers()方法中下面代码片段就是针对接口编程,
Observer observer = (Observer)observers.get(i); observer.update(temperature, humidity, pressure);
以及具体观察者中,下面代码片段:
weatherData.registerObserver(this);
public void update(float temperature, float humidity, float pressure) { ... display(); }
-
主题和观察者之间的依赖降到了最低,主题只要知道观察者实现了Observer接口,观察者只要向主题订阅/取消订阅即可。对于主题而言,观察者数量的增加或者减少,主题不需要任何改变。同样,主题内部实现方式的变化,对于观察者而言没有任何影响。
本章总结
主题(也就是可观察者)用一个共同的接口来更新观察者。
观察者和可观察者之间用松耦合方式结合,可观察者不需要知道观察者的细节,只需要知道它实现了观察者接口即可。
观察者可以从可观察者处push/pull数据,push的方式被认为是更好的。因为这样可观察者对象不要提供getXX() API,耦合性会更低。
push/pull数据时,主动方都是可观察者。观察者只有在被通知(update(Observable obs, Object arg)被调用)时,才去push/pull数据。在没有被通知时,不应该去pull数据,虽然这样也可以pull到数据。
有多个观察者时,不可以依赖特定的通知次序。
要注意java.util.Observable实现上带来的一些问题。
Java API包括多种观察者模式的实现,包括了通用的java.util.Observable。
观察者被用在许多地方,如JavaBeans,RMI,Swing。许多GUI框架都大量使用了该模式。