http://www.mathworks.cn/help/matlab/ref/pdepe.html;jsessionid=143095f6a8df9e5c4b9dfd0f8be0
有很多默认的模式,还不如自己手动解;
pdepe
Syntax
sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan)
sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan,options)
[sol,tsol,sole,te,ie] = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan,options)
Arguments
A parameter corresponding to the symmetry of the problem. m can be slab = 0, cylindrical = 1, or spherical = 2. | |
A handle to a function that defines the components of the PDE. | |
A handle to a function that defines the initial conditions. | |
A handle to a function that defines the boundary conditions. | |
A vector [x0, x1, ..., xn] specifying the points at which a numerical solution is requested for every value in tspan. The elements of xmesh must satisfyx0 < x1 < ... < xn. The length of xmesh must be >= 3. | |
A vector [t0, t1, ..., tf] specifying the points at which a solution is requested for every value in xmesh. The elements of tspan must satisfy t0 < t1 < ... < tf. The length of tspan must be >= 3. | |
Some options of the underlying ODE solver are available in pdepe: RelTol, AbsTol,NormControl, InitialStep, MaxStep, and Events. In most cases, default values for these options provide satisfactory solutions. See odeset for details. |
Description
sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan) solves initial-boundary value problems for systems of parabolic and elliptic PDEs in the one space variable x and time t. pdefun, icfun, and bcfun are function handles. See the function_handle reference page for more information. The ordinary differential equations (ODEs) resulting from discretization in space are integrated to obtain approximate solutions at times specified in tspan. The pdepe function returns values of the solution on a mesh provided in xmesh.
Parameterizing Functions explains how to provide additional parameters to the functions pdefun, icfun, orbcfun, if necessary.
pdepe solves PDEs of the form:
(1-4) |
The PDEs hold for t0 ≤ t ≤ tf and a ≤ x ≤ b. The interval [a,b] must be finite. m can be 0, 1, or 2, corresponding to slab, cylindrical, or spherical symmetry, respectively. If m > 0, then a must be ≥ 0.
In Equation 1-4, f (x,t,u,∂u/∂x) is a flux term and s (x,t,u,∂u/∂x) is a source term. The coupling of the partial derivatives with respect to time is restricted to multiplication by a diagonal matrix c (x,t,u,∂u/∂x). The diagonal elements of this matrix are either identically zero or positive. An element that is identically zero corresponds to an elliptic equation and otherwise to a parabolic equation. There must be at least one parabolic equation. An element of c that corresponds to a parabolic equation can vanish at isolated values of x if those values of x are mesh points. Discontinuities in c and/or s due to material interfaces are permitted provided that a mesh point is placed at each interface.
For t = t0 and all x, the solution components satisfy initial conditions of the form
(1-5) |
For all t and either x = a or x = b, the solution components satisfy a boundary condition of the form
(1-6) |
Elements of q are either identically zero or never zero. Note that the boundary conditions are expressed in terms of the flux f rather than ∂u/∂x. Also, of the two coefficients, only p can depend on u.
In the call sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan):
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m corresponds to m.
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xmesh(1) and xmesh(end) correspond to a and b.
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tspan(1) and tspan(end) correspond to t0 and tf.
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pdefun computes the terms c, f, and s (Equation 1-4). It has the form
[c,f,s] = pdefun(x,t,u,dudx)
The input arguments are scalars x and t and vectors u and dudx that approximate the solution u and its partial derivative with respect to x, respectively. c, f, and s are column vectors. c stores the diagonal elements of the matrix c (Equation 1-4).
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icfun evaluates the initial conditions. It has the form
u = icfun(x)
When called with an argument x, icfun evaluates and returns the initial values of the solution components at x in the column vector u.
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bcfun evaluates the terms p and q of the boundary conditions (Equation 1-6). It has the form
[pl,ql,pr,qr] = bcfun(xl,ul,xr,ur,t)
ul is the approximate solution at the left boundary xl = a and ur is the approximate solution at the right boundary xr = b. pl and ql are column vectors corresponding to p and q evaluated at xl, similarly prand qr correspond to xr. When m > 0 and a = 0, boundedness of the solution near x = 0 requires that the flux f vanish at a = 0. pdepe imposes this boundary condition automatically and it ignores values returned in pl and ql.
pdepe returns the solution as a multidimensional array sol. ui = ui = sol(:,:,i) is an approximation to the ith component of the solution vector u. The element ui(j,k) = sol(j,k,i) approximates ui at (t,x) = (tspan(j),xmesh(k)).
ui = sol(j,:,i) approximates component i of the solution at time tspan(j) and mesh points xmesh(:). Usepdeval to compute the approximation and its partial derivative ∂ui/∂x at points not included in xmesh. Seepdeval for details.
sol = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan,options) solves as above with default integration parameters replaced by values in options, an argument created with the odeset function. Only some of the options of the underlying ODE solver are available in pdepe: RelTol, AbsTol, NormControl, InitialStep, and MaxStep. The defaults obtained by leaving off the input argument options will generally be satisfactory. See odeset for details.
[sol,tsol,sole,te,ie] = pdepe(m,pdefun,icfun,bcfun,xmesh,tspan,options) with the 'Events' property inoptions set to a function handle Events, solves as above while also finding where event functionsg(t,u(x,t))are zero. For each function you specify whether the integration is to terminate at a zero and whether the direction of the zero crossing matters. Three column vectors are returned by events:[value,isterminal,direction] = events(m,t,xmesh,umesh). xmesh contains the spatial mesh and umesh is the solution at the mesh points. Use pdeval to evaluate the solution between mesh points. For the I-th event function, value(i) is the value of the function, ISTERMINAL(I) = 1 if the integration is to terminate at a zero of this event function and 0 otherwise. direction(i) = 0 if all zeros are to be computed (the default), +1 if only zeros where the event function is increasing, and -1 if only zeros where the event function is decreasing. Output tsol is a column vector of times specified in tspan, prior to first terminal event. SOL(j,:,:) is the solution at T(j). TE is a vector of times at which events occur. SOLE(j,:,:) is the solution at TE(j) and indices in vector IE specify which event occurred.
If UI = SOL(j,:,i) approximates component i of the solution at time TSPAN(j) and mesh points XMESH, pdevalevaluates the approximation and its partial derivative ∂ui/∂x at the array of points XOUT and returns them inUOUT and DUOUTDX: [UOUT,DUOUTDX] = PDEVAL(M,XMESH,UI,XOUT)
Examples
Example 1. This example illustrates the straightforward formulation, computation, and plotting of the solution of a single PDE.
This equation holds on an interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 for times t ≥ 0.
The PDE satisfies the initial condition
and boundary conditions
It is convenient to use local functions to place all the functions required by pdepe in a single function.
function pdex1 m = 0; x = linspace(0,1,20); t = linspace(0,2,5); sol = pdepe(m,@pdex1pde,@pdex1ic,@pdex1bc,x,t); % Extract the first solution component as u. u = sol(:,:,1); % A surface plot is often a good way to study a solution. surf(x,t,u) title('Numerical solution computed with 20 mesh points.') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('Time t') % A solution profile can also be illuminating. figure plot(x,u(end,:)) title('Solution at t = 2') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('u(x,2)') % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [c,f,s] = pdex1pde(x,t,u,DuDx) c = pi^2; f = DuDx; s = 0; % -------------------------------------------------------------- function u0 = pdex1ic(x) u0 = sin(pi*x); % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdex1bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t) pl = ul; ql = 0; pr = pi * exp(-t); qr = 1;
In this example, the PDE, initial condition, and boundary conditions are coded in local functions pdex1pde,pdex1ic, and pdex1bc.
The surface plot shows the behavior of the solution.
The following plot shows the solution profile at the final value of t (i.e., t = 2).
Example 2. This example illustrates the solution of a system of PDEs. The problem has boundary layers at both ends of the interval. The solution changes rapidly for small t.
The PDEs are
where F(y) = exp(5.73y) – exp(–11.46y).
This equation holds on an interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 for times t ≥ 0.
The PDE satisfies the initial conditions
and boundary conditions
In the form expected by pdepe, the equations are
The boundary conditions on the partial derivatives of u have to be written in terms of the flux. In the form expected by pdepe, the left boundary condition is
and the right boundary condition is
The solution changes rapidly for small t. The program selects the step size in time to resolve this sharp change, but to see this behavior in the plots, the example must select the output times accordingly. There are boundary layers in the solution at both ends of [0,1], so the example places mesh points near 0 and 1 to resolve these sharp changes. Often some experimentation is needed to select a mesh that reveals the behavior of the solution.
function pdex4 m = 0; x = [0 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.95 0.99 0.995 1]; t = [0 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2]; sol = pdepe(m,@pdex4pde,@pdex4ic,@pdex4bc,x,t); u1 = sol(:,:,1); u2 = sol(:,:,2); figure surf(x,t,u1) title('u1(x,t)') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('Time t') figure surf(x,t,u2) title('u2(x,t)') xlabel('Distance x') ylabel('Time t') % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [c,f,s] = pdex4pde(x,t,u,DuDx) c = [1; 1]; f = [0.024; 0.17] .* DuDx; y = u(1) - u(2); F = exp(5.73*y)-exp(-11.47*y); s = [-F; F]; % -------------------------------------------------------------- function u0 = pdex4ic(x); u0 = [1; 0]; % -------------------------------------------------------------- function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdex4bc(xl,ul,xr,ur,t) pl = [0; ul(2)]; ql = [1; 0]; pr = [ur(1)-1; 0]; qr = [0; 1];
In this example, the PDEs, initial conditions, and boundary conditions are coded in local functions pdex4pde,pdex4ic, and pdex4bc.
The surface plots show the behavior of the solution components.
More About
References
[1] Skeel, R. D. and M. Berzins, "A Method for the Spatial Discretization of Parabolic Equations in One Space Variable," SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 11, 1990, pp.1–32.
See Also
function_handle | ode15s | odeget | odeset | pdeval