英文论文中“such as, for example, e.g., i.e., etc., et al. ”的用法分析

文章转自：http://www.cnblogs.com/lanke_2009/archive/2010/12/07/1899185.html

在英文论文的编辑加工中,常会遇到such as, for example, e. g. , i. e. , etc. 和et al. 的错误及混淆使用。这里,举例分析这几个词的意义,并阐述其正确用法。

 

1)       such as。常列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。

其典型的表示式为a plural + such as + single instance( s) of the group to which the plural refers。

正确使用的是: The Arts Faculty deals only with humanities subjects such as history and literature.

混淆使用的是: The Science Faculty deals only with the measurable such as physics and seismology.

论文中常出现such as与and so on或etc. 连用, 这是不正确的。

① 如 It is noted that the features such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , and so on (有的出现etc.) , are better than the ones with the other models.

应为 It is noted that the features, such as clean cut ratio denoted by Rc , die roll height denoted by Hdr and die roll width denoted by Wdr , are better than the ones with the other models.

当使用such as时,读者已理解后面接着的会是一些不完整的列举,因此不需加上and so on或 etc.等。

② 因为such as是对前面的复数名词部分起列举作用,若全部列举出,要改用namely,意思为“即”。文章中出现的He knows four languages, such as Chinese, English, Japanese and German,应将such as改成namely(或i. e. )及后面加逗号, 即He knows four languages, namely, Chinese, English, Japanese and German.

③ 用such as来形容复数名词( the plural)可以放在such与as中间,一般插在被列举事物与前面的名词之间。

 

2)       for example。用来举例说明,由它引出介绍普遍概念的例子,使用范围要比such as自由。可以出现在句首、句末或有时可作为独立语,插在句中,不影响句子其他部分的语法关系。

例如, Cryptography operations, for example, decryption or signing,in a given period only involve the corresponding temporary secret key without further access to the helper.

同样for example ( e. g. )表示泛泛地举几个例子,并没有囊括所有的实例,其中就已经包含“等等”,如果再加etc. 或and so on,就画蛇添足了。

如论文中出现的这句话是不当的:Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e. g. , organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc. 正确的为e. g. , organization, clear expression, and logical thinking.

 

3) e. g.。是拉丁文exempli gratia的缩写,意思是“举个例子,比如”,等同于“for example”,目的是用例子来说明前面的观点,用法与for example相同。

 

4) i. e.。源于拉丁语,是id est的简略形式。其意思就是“那就是说,换句话说”,等同于“that is, in other words”和“namely”,目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点。

正确的用法是Use a comma to enclose ( i. e. , both before and after) the year in a month day year sequence. 而文章中出现的这句The evaluation noted that the employee had frequently exhibited irresponsible behavior ( i. e. , coming to work late, failing to complete projects) ,应该用“e. g. ”而不是用“i. e. ”,因为插入句是对“irresponsible behavior”的列举补充。

 

5) etc.。是et cetera的缩写,意思是“等等”,相当于“and so on”。可用来列举事物,若要列举人,则需用et al. 或用and others。

 

6) et al.。是拉丁文简写。其一为et alibi (以及其他地方) ,相当于and elsewhere;其二为et alii (以及其他人) ,相当于and others。

一下转自 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-750913-603197.html

在我们撰写论文时经常需要列举和举例，为了让句法表达更多样，表达得更地道，不妨来学习一下下面的指南，这是摘录自英国Manchester大学的学术论文语料库（Phrase Bank）和香港大学的学术论文工具箱。 Giving Examples

Writers may give specific examples as evidence to support their general claims or arguments. Examples can also be used to help the reader or listener understand unfamiliar or difficult concepts, and they tend to be easier to remember. For this reason, they are often used in teaching. Finally, students may be required to give examples in their work to demonstrate that they have understood a complex problem or concept.

Many paragraphs in academic writing show development from general statements to specific details or examples. In most paragraphs, therefore, examples usually come after a more general statement, as in the short extract below.

Many words can often acquire a more narrow meaning over time, or may come to be chiefly used in one special sense. A classic example of this practice is the word doctor. There were doctors (i.e., learned men) in theology, law, and many other fields beside medicine, but nowadays when we send for the doctor we mean a member of only one profession.

Examples as the main information in a sentence:

For example / instance, the word doctor used to mean a learned man.

For example, Smith and Jones (2004) conducted a series of semi-structured interviews in ......

By way of illustration, Smith (2003) shows how the data for .....

A classic / well-known example of this is .......

An example of this is the study carried out by Smith (2004) in which .......

X is a good example / illustration of .......

X illustrates this point / shows this point clearly.

This can be illustrated briefly by .......

Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons. They may, for example, be influenced by their peers, or they may see their parents as role models.

The evidence of X can be clearly seen in the case of..…

Another example of what is meant by X is ......

Diseases that can result at least in part from stress include arthritis, asthma, migrane, headaches and ulcers.

Examples as additional information in a sentence

Young people begin smoking for a variety of reasons, such as pressure from peers and the role model of parents.

Pavlov found that if some other stimulus, for example the ringing of a bell, preceded the food, the dog would start salivating.

In Paris, Gassendi kept in close contact with many other prominent scholars such as Kepler, Galileo, Hobbes, and Descartes.

The prices of resources, such as copper, iron ore, oil, coal and aluminium, have declined in real terms over the past 20 years.

Many diseases can result at least in part from stress, including: arthritis, asthma, migrane, headaches and ulcers.