3.mysql的中文问题，database级操作，表级操作，数据CRUD,分组操作，时间和日期，字符串相关函数，表的约束



1 连接MYSQL服务器：mysql–uroot –p123456

1. 查看中文问题

show variables like 'character%';

2 修改mysql的字符集，退出mysql提示符界面：

mysql -uroot -p--default_character_set=gbk;

3  数据库的操作：创建，查看，修改，删除

         *创建：

                   创建一个名称为mydb1的数据库。

                            createdatabase mydb1;

                   创建一个使用utf-8字符集的mydb2数据库。

                            create database mydb2character set utf8;

                   创建一个使用utf-8字符集，并带校对规则的mydb3数据库。

                            createdatabase mydb3 character set utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;

         *查看:

                   显示所有数据库

                            showdatabases;

                   显示创建数据库的语句信息

                            showcreate database mydb2;

         *修改:

                   修改mydb1的字符集为gbk(不能修改数据库名)

                            alterdatabase mydb1 character set utf8;     

         *删除:

                   删除数据库mydb2

                            dropdatabase mydb1;

 

4 表的操作：创建，查看，修改，删除

    usemydb2;

         *创建：

                   根据实体类Person创建表person

                            Person{

                                     intid;

                                     Stringname;

                            }

                            createtable person(

                                     idint,

                                     namevarchar(20)

                            );

                   mysql中的数据类型：

                            bit1位　但可以指定位数，如：bit<3>

                            int2字节 可以指定最大位数，如：int<4>　最大为4位的整数

                            float2个字节　可以指定最大的位数和最大的小数位数，如：float<5,2> 最大为一个5位的数，小数位最多2位

                            double　4个字节　可以指定最大的位数和最大的小数位数，如：float<6,4> 最大为一个6位的数，小数位最多4位

                            char　必须指定字符数,如char(5) 为不可变字符　即使存储的内容为'ab',也是用5个字符的空间存储这个数据

                            varchar　必须指定字符数,如varchar(5) 为可变字符　如果存储的内容为'ab',占用2个字符的空间；如果为'abc',则占用3个字符的空间

                            text:大文本(大字符串)

                            blob：二进制大数据　如图片，音频文件，视频文件

                            date:日期　如：'1921-01-02'

                            datetime:日期时间　如：'1921-01-02 12:23:43'

                            timeStamp:时间戳，自动赋值为当前日期时间

                           

                  创建一个员工表

                            createtable employee(id int,name varchar(20),sex bit,birthday date,salarydouble,entry_date date,resume text);

         *查看：

                   查看所有的表：

                            showtables;

                   查看指定表的创建语句

                            showcreate table employee;

                            mysql表 名称区分大小写

                   显示指定表的结构：

                            descemployee;

         *删除：

                   删除employee表

                   droptable employee;

         *修改表：

       create table worker(id int,name varchar(20),sex bit,birthday date,salarydouble,entry_date date,resume text);

                   增加一个字段：altertable worker add column height double;

                   修改一个字段：altertable worker modify column height float;

                   删除一个字段：altertable worker drop column height;

                   更改表名：renametable employee to worker;

                   修改表的字符集:altertable worker character set gbk;

        

5 表数据的CRUD

         *C(create增加数据) Insert语句

                   新建Employee表并表中添加一些记录

                            createtable employee(

                                     idint,

                                     namevarchar(20),

                                     sexbit,

                                     birthdaydate,

                                     salarydouble,

                                     entry_datedate,

                                     resumetext

                            );

                           

                            insertinto employee(id,name,sex,birthday,salary,entry_date,resume) values(1,'张三',1,'1983-09-21',15000,'2012-06-24','一个大牛');

                            insertinto employee(id,name,sex,birthday,salary,entry_date,resume) values(2,'李四',1,'1984-09-21',10000,'2012-07-24','一个中牛');

                            insertinto employee(id,name,sex,birthday,salary,entry_date,resume) values(3,'王五',0,'1985-09-21',7000,'2012-08-24','一个小牛');

                            deletefrom employee where id=1

 

                            createtable employee(   id int,namevarchar(20),sex bit,birthday date,salary double,entry_date date,resume text);

        

         *U(update更新数据) Update语句

                   将所有员工薪水都增加500元。

                            updateemployee set salary=salary+500;

                   将王五的员工薪水修改为10000元，resume改为也是一个中牛

                            updateemployee set salary=10000,resume='也是一个中牛' where name='王五';

         *D(drop删除数据) Delete语句

                   删除表中姓名为王五的记录。

                            deletefrom employee where name='王五';

                   删除表中所有记录。

                            deletefrom employee; --可以有条件，但删除所有记录差了一点

                   使用truncate删除表中记录。

                            truncateemployee;--无条件效率高

        

         6  *R(Retrieve查找数据) Select语句 

                   准备环境：

                            createtable student(

                            idint,

                            namevarchar(20),

                            chineseint,

                            englishint,

                            mathint

                            );

 

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(1,'何东',80,85,90);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(2,'权筝',90,95,95);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(3,'何南',80,96,96);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(4,'叶坦',81,97,85);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(5,'何西',85,84,90);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(6,'丁香',92,85,87);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(7,'何北',75,81,80);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(8,'唐娇',77,80,79);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(9,'任知了',95,85,85);

                            insertinto student(id,name,chinese,english,math) values(10,'王越',94,85,84);

 

                   查询表中所有学生的信息。

                            select* from student;

                   查询表中所有学生的姓名和对应的英语成绩。

                            selectname,english from student;

                   过滤表中重复数据。

                            selectenglish from student;

                            selectDISTINCT english from student;

                            selectDISTINCT english,name from student;

 

                            selectenglish+chinese+math from student;

                            selectenglish+chinese+math as 总分 from student;

                            selectname,english+chinese+math as 总分 from student;

 

                   在所有学生英语分数上加10分特长分。

                            selectname,english+10 from student;

                   统计每个学生的总分。

                            selectenglish+chinese+math from student;

                   使用别名表示学生分数

                            selectname,english+chinese+math as 总分 from student;

                            selectname,english+chinese+math 总分 from student;

 

                   查询姓名为何东的学生成绩

                            select* from student where name='何东';

                   查询英语成绩大于90分的同学

                            select* from student where english>90;

                   查询总分大于250分的所有同学

                            select* from student where english+chinese+math>250;

 

                   查询英语分数在 85－95之间的同学。

                            select* from student where english>=85 and english<=95;

                            select* from student where english between 85 and 95;

                   查询数学分数为84,90,91的同学。

                            select* from student where math=84 or math=90 or math=91;

                            select* from student where math in(84,90,91);

                  查询所有姓何的学生成绩。

                            select* from student where name like '何%';

                   查询数学分>85，语文分>90的同学。

                            select* from student where math>85 and chinese>90;

 

                   对数学成绩排序后输出。

                            select* from student order by math;

                   对总分排序后输出，然后再按从高到低的顺序输出

                            select* from student order by math+chinese+english desc;

                   对姓何的学生成绩排序输出

                            select* from student where name like '何%' order by math+chinese+english desc;

                            selectname, math+chinese+english from student where name like '何%' order bymath+chinese+english desc;

 

                   统计一个班级共有多少学生？

                            selectcount(*) from student;

                   统计数学成绩大于90的学生有多少个？

                            selectcount(*) from student where math>90;

                   统计总分大于250的人数有多少？

                            selectcount(*) from student where math+chinese+english>250;

 

                   统计一个班级数学总成绩？

                            selectsum(math) from student;

                   统计一个班级语文、英语、数学各科的总成绩

                            selectsum(math), sum(chinese), sum(english) from student;

                   统计一个班级语文、英语、数学的成绩总和

                            selectsum(math+chinese+english)from student;

                            selectsum(math)+sum(chinese)+sum(english) from student;

 

                   求一个班级数学平均分？

                            selectavg(math) from student;

                   求一个班级总分平均分

                            selectavg(math+chinese+english)from student;

                            selectavg(math)+avg(chinese)+avg(english) from student;

 

                   求班级最高分和最低分

                            selectmax(math+chinese+english),min(math+chinese+english) from student;

        

7 综合性练习：为学生表，增加一个班级列，然后训练分组查询

                   查出各个班的总分，最高分

                            准备环境

                                     给表添加一个字段：altertable student add column class_id int;

                                     更新表：

                                               updatestudent set class_id=1 where id<=5;

                                               updatestudent set class_id=2 where id>5;

                            selectsum(math+chinese+english),max(math+chinese+english) from student group byclass_id;

 

                   查询出班级总分大于1300分的班级ID

                            selectclass_id from student group by class_id havingsum(math+chinese+english)>1300;

                            selectclass_id from student where sum(math+chinese+english)>1300 group by class_id;

                   note:where和group区别: 在wehre子句中不能使用分组函数

                  

                  

 

8  时间和日期

                   mysql>select year (now()), month(now()), day(now()) , date(now());

                   +--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+

                   |year (now()) | month(now()) | day(now()) | date(now()) |

                   +--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+

                   |         2014 |            9 |          7 | 2014-09-07  |

                   +--------------+--------------+------------+-------------+

        

                   selectdate_add(now(), INTERVAL 2 year) from dual;／／增加两年

                   selectcharset('name')  employee;

                   selectdate_add(now(), INTERVAL -1 day) 昨天, now() 今天, date_add(now(), INTERVAL +1 day) 明天;

 

9 字符串相关函数

         selectconcat( charset('name'), 'aaaa') 自定义 from dual;

 

 

10 表的约束　　

         *定义主键约束　primarykey:不允许为空，不允许重复

         *定义主键自动增长　auto_increment

         *定义唯一约束　unique

         *定义非空约束　notnull

         *定义外键约束　constraintordersid_FK foreign key(ordersid) references orders(id)

         *删除主键：altertable tablename drop primary key ;

 

         createtable myclass

         (

                   idINT(11) primary key auto_increment,

                   namevarchar(20) unique

         );

        

         createtable student(

                   idINT(11) primary key auto_increment,

                   namevarchar(20) unique,

                   passwdvarchar(15) not null,

                   classidINT(11),  #注意这个地方不要少逗号

                   constraintstu_classid_FK  foreign key(classid)references myclass(id)

         );