这个问题是个有趣的问题。
问题的答案是:类域内定义的友元函数调用时必须具有该类类型的实参。解释如下:
首先类域内定义的友元函数应该如何看待呢?C++标准的规定:
11.4 Friends
A function can be defined in a friend declaration of a class if and only if the class is a non-local class (9.8), the function name is unqualified, and the function has namespace scope. [Example:
class M {
friend void f() { } // definition of global f, a friend of M,
// not the definition of a member function
};
—end example]
Such a function is implicitly inline. A friend function defined in a class is in the
(lexical) scope of the class in which it is defined. A friend function defined outside the class is not (3.4.1).
f不是qualified-id,但函数体本身处于类域构成的名称空间域内。这意味着,不能使用A::f这样的qualified-id,但调用时又必须体现一个qualified的函数体,这如何做到?还是标准的条款:
7.3.1.2 Namespace member definitions
If a friend function is called, its name may be found by the name lookup that considers functions from namespaces and classes associated with the types of the function arguments (3.4.2).
当调用一个友元函数时,名字搜索域也包含与实参关联的那些名称空间和类中的名字,于是,一个如下定义的友元函数可以被调用:
friend void f( A& a ) {}
除此之外都是非法调用。
问题的答案是:类域内定义的友元函数调用时必须具有该类类型的实参。解释如下:
首先类域内定义的友元函数应该如何看待呢?C++标准的规定:
11.4 Friends
A function can be defined in a friend declaration of a class if and only if the class is a non-local class (9.8), the function name is unqualified, and the function has namespace scope. [Example:
class M {
friend void f() { } // definition of global f, a friend of M,
// not the definition of a member function
};
—end example]
Such a function is implicitly inline. A friend function defined in a class is in the
(lexical) scope of the class in which it is defined. A friend function defined outside the class is not (3.4.1).
f不是qualified-id,但函数体本身处于类域构成的名称空间域内。这意味着,不能使用A::f这样的qualified-id,但调用时又必须体现一个qualified的函数体,这如何做到?还是标准的条款:
7.3.1.2 Namespace member definitions
If a friend function is called, its name may be found by the name lookup that considers functions from namespaces and classes associated with the types of the function arguments (3.4.2).
当调用一个友元函数时,名字搜索域也包含与实参关联的那些名称空间和类中的名字,于是,一个如下定义的友元函数可以被调用:
friend void f( A& a ) {}
但是如果f的形参不是A类型的行不行呢?当然行,但必须具备有效的从A到f形参类型的转换,例如:
#include <iostream>
class A
{
public:
friend void f( int a ){ }
operator int( ){ return a; }
private:
int a;
};
int main( void )
{
A a;
f( a );
return 0;
}
除此之外都是非法调用。