搜索会用的方法太少了，于是最近被搜索虐爆了。。。
最近看了A*，IDA*和双向BFS，只有双向BFS基本掌握，另外连个都不明觉厉……现在我对A*的理解还停留在求次短路时的写法……
认识启发式搜索A*和迭代加深的A*算法：IDA*算法可以看这个：
这个题学到了一个处理排列的小技巧：
双向BFS解法：http://blog.csdn.net/dizem/article/details/4436663
代码基本上参考这里写的：
八数码 poj 1077 广搜 A* IDA* - yongmou- - 博客园
纯BFS代码,Poj单Case能过，其他OJ多Case肯定超时：
#include <cstdio>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;
const int N = 362880;
bool visit[N];
int pre[N];
char move[N]; //需要记录的数值不多,定义成char型比int省空间
int step[4][2] = {{-1,0}, {1,0}, {0,-1}, {0,1}};//u, d, l, r
struct Node
{
char graph[9];
char space;//空格所在位置
};
/* 把1..n的排列映射为数字 0..(n!-1) */
int fac[] = { 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880 };//...
int order (const char *s)
{//康托展开
int num=0;
for (int i=0;i<8;i++)
{
int temp=0;
for (int j=i+1;j<9;j++)
if (s[j]<s[i])
temp++;
num+=fac[s[i]-1]*temp;
}
return num;
}
/* 整数映射成排列 */
void get_node (int num, Node &tmp)
{//康托展开逆变换
int i,a[9]; //求逆序数
for (i=2;i<=9;i++)
{
a[i-1]=num%i;
num = num / i;
tmp.graph[i-1] = 0;//初始化
}
tmp.graph[0]=0;
for (int k=9;k>=2;k--)
{
int t=0;
for (i=8;i>=0;i--)
{
if (tmp.graph[i] != 0) continue;
if (t == a[k-1]) break;
t++;
}
tmp.graph[i] = k;
}
for (i=0;i<9;i++)
if (tmp.graph[i] == 0)
{
tmp.graph[i] = 1;
break;
}
tmp.space=8-a[8];
}
void BFS (const Node & start)
{
memset(visit,false,sizeof(visit));
int u=order(start.graph);
pre[u] = -1;
visit[u] = 1;
queue<int> que;
que.push(u);
Node tmp,cur;
while (!que.empty())
{
u=que.front();
que.pop();
get_node(u,cur);
int k = cur.space;
int x = k / 3;
int y = k % 3;
for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
int a = x + step[i][0];
int b = y + step[i][1];
if (a>=0 && a<=2 && b>=0 && b<=2)
{
tmp = cur;
tmp.space = a*3+b;
swap(tmp.graph[k], tmp.graph[tmp.space]);
int v = order(tmp.graph);
if (visit[v] != 1)
{
move[v] = i;
visit[v]=true;
pre[v] = u;
if (v == 0) //目标结点hash值为0
return;
que.push(v);
}
}
}
}
}
void print_path ()
{
int n=1,u;
char path[1000];
path[0] = move[0];
u = pre[0];
while (pre[u] != -1)
{
path[n] = move[u];
n++;
u = pre[u];
}
for (int i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
{
switch (path[i])
{
case 0: printf("u");break;
case 1: printf("d");break;
case 2: printf("l");break;
default:printf("r");
}
}
}
int main ()
{
#ifdef ONLINE_JUDGE
#else
freopen("read.txt","r",stdin);
#endif
Node start;
char str[4];
for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
{
scanf("%s",str);
if (str[0]=='x')
{
start.graph[i]=9;
start.space=i;
}
else
start.graph[i]=str[0]-'0';
}
BFS (start);
if (visit[0])
print_path ();
else
printf("unsolvable\n");
return 0;
}双向BFS，参考了上面提到的博客：
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;
const int N = 362882;//最大状态9!
int frc[] = { 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880 };
int n1,n2;
int hash1[N], hash2[N];//标记走过的结点，同时记录结点序号
int dir[][2] = {1,0,-1,0,0,-1,0,1};
char f1[] = "dulr", f2[] = "udrl";//正搜和反搜的方向
struct Node
{
char graph[3][3];
int x, y, n;
}s, t, top,cur;
struct path
{
int pre, dir;
}path1[N/2], path2[N/2];//记录双向路径
bool Judge (int x,int y)
{
return (x>=0 && x<3 && y>=0 && y<3);
}
int value (char m[][3])//计算Hash值
{
int v=0;
for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
{
int a = m[i/3][i%3]-'0';
int cnt = 0;
for (int j=i+1;j<9;j++)
{
int b = m[j/3][j%3]-'0';
if (b<a) cnt++;
}
v += cnt*frc[a-1];
}
return v;
}
bool BFS ()
{
queue<Node>P, Q;
s.n = t.n = 0;
P.push(t), Q.push(s);
hash1[value(t.graph)] = hash2[value(s.graph)] = 1;
int i,v;
while (!P.empty() && !Q.empty())
{
if (!P.empty())
{
top = P.front();
P.pop();
for (i=0; i<4; i++)
{
cur=top;
cur.x=top.x+dir[i][0];
cur.y=top.y+dir[i][1];
if (Judge(cur.x,cur.y))
{
swap(cur.graph[top.x][top.y],cur.graph[cur.x][cur.y]);
v = value(cur.graph);
if (hash2[v]) //与反搜相遇
{
path1[++n1].pre = cur.n;
path1[n1].dir = i;
n2 = hash2[v]-1;
return true;
}
if (!hash1[v])
{
cur.n = ++n1;
path1[n1].pre = top.n;
path1[n1].dir = i;
hash1[v] = n1+1;
P.push(cur);
}
}
}
}
if (!Q.empty())
{
top = Q.front();
Q.pop();
for (i=0; i<4; i++)
{
cur=top;
cur.x=top.x+dir[i][0];
cur.y=top.y+dir[i][1];
if (Judge(cur.x,cur.y))
{
swap(cur.graph[top.x][top.y],cur.graph[cur.x][cur.y]);
v = value(cur.graph);
if(hash1[v])
{
path2[++n2].pre = cur.n;
path2[n2].dir = i;
n1 = hash1[v]-1;
return true;
}
if(!hash2[v])
{
cur.n = ++n2;
path2[n2].pre = top.n;
path2[n2].dir = i;
hash2[v] = n2+1;
Q.push(cur);
}
}
}
}
}
return false;
}
int main ()
{
#ifdef ONLINE_JUDGE
#else
freopen("read.txt","r",stdin);
#endif
int i,j;
char str[4];
n1=n2=0;
for (i=0;i<3;i++) for(j=0; j<3; j++) //初始化目标节点
t.graph[i][j] = i*3+j+1+'0';
t.x = t.y = 2;
for (i=0;i<3;i++) for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%s",str);
if (str[0]=='x')
{
s.x = i;s.y = j;
s.graph[i][j] = '9';
}
else
s.graph[i][j] = str[0];
}
if (value(s.graph) == value(t.graph));
else if (BFS())
{
int m=0, i, d[1000];
while (n2>0)
{
d[m++] = path2[n2].dir;
n2 = path2[n2].pre;
}
for (i=m-1;i>=0;i--)
printf("%c",f1[d[i]]);
while (n1>0)
{
printf("%c",f2[path1[n1].dir]);
n1 = path1[n1].pre;
}
printf("\n");
}
else
printf("unsolvable\n");
return 0;
}A*
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstring>
#include <queue>
using namespace std;
const int N = 362880;
/* 把1..n的排列映射为数字 0..(n!-1) */
int fac[] = { 1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120, 720, 5040, 40320, 362880 };
struct node
{
char graph[9];
char space;//空格所在位置
};
int order (const char *s)
{//康托展开
int num=0;
for (int i=0;i<8;i++)
{
int temp=0;
for (int j=i+1;j<9;j++)
if (s[j]<s[i])
temp++;
num+=fac[s[i]-1]*temp;
}
return num;
}
/* 整数映射成排列 */
void get_node (int num, node &tmp)
{//康托展开逆变换
int i,a[9]; //求逆序数
for (i=2;i<=9;i++)
{
a[i-1]=num%i;
num = num / i;
tmp.graph[i-1] = 0;//初始化
}
tmp.graph[0]=0;
for (int k=9;k>=2;k--)
{
int t=0;
for (i=8;i>=0;i--)
{
if (tmp.graph[i] != 0) continue;
if (t == a[k-1]) break;
t++;
}
tmp.graph[i] = k;
}
for (i=0;i<9;i++)
if (tmp.graph[i] == 0)
{
tmp.graph[i] = 1;
break;
}
tmp.space=8-a[8];
}
//启发函数: 除去x之外到目标的网格距离和
int goal_state[9][2] = {{0,0}, {0,1}, {0,2},
{1,0}, {1,1}, {1,2}, {2,0}, {2,1}, {2,2}};
int h (const char *board)
{
int k,hv = 0;
for (int i=0;i<3;i++) for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
k = i*3+j;
if (board[k] != 9)
hv += abs(i - goal_state[board[k]-1][0]) +
abs(j - goal_state[board[k] -1][1]);
}
return hv;
}
int f[N], d[N];//估计函数和深度
//优先队列的比较对象
struct cmp
{
bool operator () (int u, int v)
{
return f[u] > f[v];
}
};
char color[N];//0, 未访问；1, 在队列中，2, closed
int pre[N];
char move[N];
int step[4][2] = {{-1, 0},{1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}};//u, d, l, r
void A_star (const node & start)
{
int x, y, k, a, b;
int u, v;
priority_queue<int, vector<int>, cmp> open;
memset(color,0, sizeof(color));
u = order(start.graph);
pre[u] = -1;
d[u] = 0;
f[u] = h(start.graph);
open.push(u);
color[u] = 1;
node tmp, cur;
while (!open.empty())
{
u = open.top();
if (u == 0) return;
open.pop();
get_node(u, cur);
k = cur.space;
x = k / 3;
y = k % 3;
for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
a = x + step[i][0];
b = y + step[i][1];
if (a>=0 && a<=2 && b>=0 && b<=2)
{
tmp = cur;
tmp.space = a*3 + b;
swap(tmp.graph[k], tmp.graph[tmp.space]);
v = order(tmp.graph);
if (color[v] == 1 && (d[u] + 1) < d[v])
{//v in open
move[v] = i;
f[v] = f[v] - d[v] + d[u] + 1;//h[v]已经求过
d[v] = d[u] + 1;
pre[v] = u;
//直接插入新值, 有冗余，但不会错
open.push(v);
}
else if (color[v] == 2 && (d[u]+1)<d[v])
{//v in closed
move[v] = i;
f[v] = f[v] - d[v] + d[u] + 1;//h[v]已经求过
d[v] = d[u] + 1;
pre[v] = u;
open.push(v);
color[v] = 1;
}
else if (color[v] == 0)
{
move[v] = i;
d[v] = d[u] + 1;
f[v] = d[v] + h(tmp.graph);
pre[v] = u;
open.push(v);
color[v] = 1;
}
}
}
color[u] = 2; //
}
}
void print_path ()
{
int n=1,u;
char path[1000];
path[0] = move[0];
u = pre[0];
while (pre[u] != -1)
{
path[n] = move[u];
n++;
u = pre[u];
}
for (int i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
{
switch (path[i])
{
case 0: printf("u");break;
case 1: printf("d");break;
case 2: printf("l");break;
default:printf("r");
}
}
}
int main ()
{
#ifdef ONLINE_JUDGE
#else
freopen("read.txt","r",stdin);
#endif
node start;
char str[4];
for (int i=0;i<9;i++)
{
scanf("%s",str);
if (str[0]=='x')
{
start.graph[i]=9;
start.space=i;
}
else
start.graph[i]=str[0]-'0';
}
A_star (start);
if (color[0] != 0)
print_path ();
else
printf("unsolvable\n");
return 0;
}
IDA*：
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
#define min(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b))
char board[3][3];
//启发函数: 除去x之外到目标的网格距离和
int goal_state[9][2] = {{0,0}, {0,1}, {0,2},
{1,0}, {1,1}, {1,2}, {2,0}, {2,1}, {2,2}};
int h (char board[][3])
{
int cost = 0;
for (int i=0;i<3;i++) for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
if (board[i][j] != 3*3)
cost += abs(i - goal_state[board[i][j]-1][0]) +
abs(j - goal_state[board[i][j]-1][1]);
return cost;
}
int step[4][2] = {{-1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}, {1, 0}};//u, l, r, d
char op[4] = {'u', 'l', 'r', 'd'};
char solution[1000];
int bound; //上界
bool ans; //是否找到答案
int DFS (int x, int y, int dv, char pre_move)
{// 返回next_bound
int hv = h(board);
if (hv + dv > bound)
return dv + hv;
if (hv == 0)
{
ans = true;
return dv;
}
int next_bound = 1e9;
for (int i=0;i<4;i++)
{
if (i + pre_move == 3)//与上一步相反的移动
continue;
int nx = x + step[i][0];
int ny = y + step[i][1];
if (nx>=0 && nx<3 && ny>=0 && ny<3)
{
solution[dv] = i;
swap(board[x][y], board[nx][ny]);
int new_bound = DFS(nx, ny, dv+1, i);
if (ans)
return new_bound;
next_bound = min(next_bound, new_bound);
swap(board[x][y], board[nx][ny]);
}
}
return next_bound;
}
void IDA_star (int sx,int sy)
{
ans = false;
bound = h(board);//初始代价
while (ans==false && bound <= 100)//上限
bound = DFS(sx, sy, 0, -10);
}
int main ()
{
#ifdef ONLINE_JUDGE
#else
freopen("read.txt","r",stdin);
#endif
int sx,sy,i;
char str[4];
for (i=0;i<3;i++)
for (int j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf("%s",str);
if (str[0]=='x')
{
board[i][j]=3*3;
sx=i,sy=j;
}
else
board[i][j]=str[0]-'0';
}
IDA_star(sx, sy);
if (ans)
for (i=0;i<bound;i++)
cout<<op[solution[i]];
else
printf("unsolvable\n");
return 0;
}
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