1.1.1. 多重继承下的虚成员函数
0001 class Base1
0002 {
0003 public :
0004 Base1();
0005 virtual ~Base1();
0006 virtual void speakClearly();
0007 virtual Base1 *clone() const;
0008 protected :
0009 float data_Base1;
0010 };
0011 class Base2
0012 {
0013 public :
0014 Base2();
0015 virtual ~Base2();
0016 virtual void mumble();
0017 virtual Base2 *clone() const;
0018 protected :
0019 float data_Base2;
0020 };
0021 class Derived : public Base1, public Base2
0022 {
0023 public :
0024 Dervied();
0025 virtual ~Dervied();
0026 virtual Dervied *clone() const;
0027 protected :
0028 float data_Dervied;
0029 };
Dervied支持虚函数(virtual function)的难度在于Base2 Subobject,有三个问题待解决:
1) 析构函数
2) Base2::mumble();
3) 一组clone函数
多重继承下,一个派生类产生n-1个额外的虚函数表,用于表示基类(上一层)的数目,单一继承也可以看作特殊的多重继承。对象模型如下所示:
Base1 object Base1 Virtual Function Table
data_Base1 |
_vptr_Base1 |
#0 | type_info for Base1 |
#1 | Base1::~Base1() |
#2 | Base1::clone() |
#3 | Bae1::SpeakClearly() |
Base2 object Base2 Virtual Function Table
data_Base2 |
_vptr_Base2 |
#0 | type_info for Base2 |
#1 | Base2::~Base2() |
#2 | Base2::mumble() |
#3 | Base2::clone() |
#0 | type_info for Derived |
#1 | Derived::~ Derived() |
#2 | Base1:: SpeakClearly() |
#3 | Derived::clone() |
#4 | Base2::mumble() |
Derived object Derived Virtual Function Table(Shared with Base1)
Base1 Object | data_Base1 |
_vptr_Base1 | |
Base2 Object | data_Base2 |
_vptr_Base2 | |
data_Derived |
Base2_Derived Virtual Function Table
#0 | type_info for Derived |
#1 | Derived::~ Derived() |
#2 | Base2::mumble() |
#3 | Derived::clone() |
当一个Derived对象指定给一个Base1或Derived指针,被处理的virtual Table为主要表格vtbl_Derived指针,而将一个Derived对象指派给一个Base2指针,被处理的virtual Table是次要表格vtbl_Base2_Derived。
有三种情况后继的Base Class会影响virtual function的支持:
1) 通过后继的Base Class指针调用Derived Class virtual function。也就是前述1)
Base2 *pb2 = new Derived;
delete pb2;
//C++伪代码
Derived *tmp = new Derived;
Base2 *pb2 = temp ? temp + sizeof(Base1) : 0;
(*pb2->vptr[1])(pb2 - sizeof(Base1));
2) 通过Dervied class 指针,调用后继的Base class中的继承而来的virtual function。也就是前述2)
Derived *pb = new Derived;
pd->mumble();
//C++伪代码
Derived *pd = new Derived;
(*pd->vptr[2])();
3) 发生在语言扩充性质下,允许一个virtual function 的返回值类型有所变化,可能是Base type也可能是publicly derived type。也就是前述3)
Base2 *pb1 = new Derived;
Base2 *pb2 = pb1->Clone();
//C++伪代码
Derived *tmp = new Derived;
Base2 *pb1 = temp ? temp + sizeof(Base1) : 0;
Derived *temp = (*pb1->vptr[3])();
Base2 *pb2 = temp ? temp + sizeof(Base1) : 0;