C++和java中static成员变量的不同

C++中，static成员变量和所有non-localstatic变量一样，在进入main函数之前创建。我们考虑如下代码：

<span style="font-size:18px;">#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Bowl
{
public:
    Bowl(int marker)
    {
        cout << "Bowl(" << marker << ")" << endl;
    }

    void f1(int marker)
    {
        cout << "f1(" << marker << ")" << endl;
    }
};

class Table
{
public:
    static Bowl bowl1;

    Table()
    {
        cout << "Table()" << endl;
        bowl2.f1(1);
    }

    void f2(int marker)
    {
        cout << "f2(" << marker << ")" << endl;
    }

    static Bowl bowl2;
};
Bowl Table::bowl1(1);
Bowl Table::bowl2(2);

class Cupboard
{
public:
    Bowl bowl3;
    static Bowl bowl4;

    Cupboard(): bowl3(3)
    {
        cout << "Cupboard()" << endl;;
        bowl4.f1(2);
    }

    void f3(int marker)
    {
        cout << "f3(" << marker << ")" << endl;
    }

    static Bowl bowl5;
};
Bowl Cupboard::bowl4(4);
Bowl Cupboard::bowl5(5);

int main(void)
{
    cout << "Creating new Cupboard() in main" << endl;
    Cupboard *cup = new Cupboard();
    cout << "Creating new Cupboard() in main" << endl;
    cup = new Cupboard();
}
</span>

输出为：

Bowl(1)

Bowl(2)

Bowl(4)

Bowl(5)  //在main函数进入之前创建的四个staticBowl对象

Creating new Cupboard() in main//第一次构造函数

Bowl(3)

Cupboard()

f1(2)

Creating new Cupboard() in main

Bowl(3)

Cupboard()

f1(2)

而java中的static成员变量则是在（1）该成员变量所在的类创建一个对象时（2）访问该成员变量所在的类的static成员函数或者static成员变量时创建。考虑以下代码。

<span style="font-size:18px;">class Bowl
{
	Bowl(int marker)
	{
		System.out.println("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
	}

	void f1(int marker)
	{
		System.out.println("f1(" + marker + ")");
	}
}

class Table
{
	static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1);

	Table()
	{
		System.out.println("Table()");
		bowl2.f1(1);
	}

	void f2(int marker)
	{
		System.out.println("f2(" + marker + ")");
	}

	static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2);
}

class Cupboard
{
	Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3);
	static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4);

	Cupboard()
	{
		System.out.println("Cupboard()");
		bowl4.f1(2);
	}

	static void f3(int marker)
	{
		System.out.println("f3(" + marker + ")");
	}

	static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5);
}

public class StaticInitialization
{
	public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		Cupboard.f3(0);
		System.out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
		new Cupboard();
		System.out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
		new Cupboard();
	}
}
</span>

输出为

Bowl(4)

Bowl(5)

f3(0)

Creating new Cupboard() in main

Bowl(3)

Cupboard()

f1(2)

Creating new Cupboard() in main

Bowl(3)

Cupboard()

f1(2)

 

解读：

Bowl(4)

Bowl(5)

f3(0)

 

在调用Cupboard.f3(0)时，为了调用该static成员函数必须创建Cupboard类里面的所有static对象。注意在这里仅仅创建了Cupboard类的两个static对象，没有创建non-static的bowl3对象，也没有调用Cupboard类的构造函数，因为在这里我们没有创建Cupboard类的实例。

Cupboard类的构造函数在下面new的时候调用。在这时由于该类中的static成员变量bowl4和bowl5已经创建完毕，故不再创建。

若将main函数改为

<span style="font-size:18px;">public static void main(String[] args)
	{
		System.out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
		new Cupboard();
		System.out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
		new Cupboard();
	}
</span>

则输出变为：

Creating new Cupboard() in main

Bowl(4)

Bowl(5)

Bowl(3)

Cupboard()

f1(2)

Creating new Cupboard() in main

Bowl(3)

Cupboard()

f1(2)

在这里我们第一次创建Cupboard类的对象时之前并没有创建过类中的static成员变量，因此bowl4和bowl5会在第一次创建Cupboard对象时创建。注意尽管bowl3定义在bowl4和bowl5之前，创建时依然按照4->5->的顺序。因为static变量会在non-static变量之前创建。