参考http://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/118-virtual-base-classes/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base()
{
cout<<"Base constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class A:public Base{
public:
A()
{
cout<<"A constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class B: public Base{
public:
B()
{
cout<<"B constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class D:public A,B{
public:
D(){
cout<<"D constructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
程序输出
Base constructor
A constructor
Base constructor
B constructor
D constructor
A的基类是Base,B的基类也是Base,而类D多继承自A,B,可以看到基类Base的构造函数被调用了两次
有没有方法可以使基类只调用一次呢,这就需要引入虚基类(virtual base class)的概念
虚基类只需在派生类的继承列表前加入virtual关键字即可。
如
Class A:virtua public Base{
}
虚基类只会创建虚基类的一个对象。 (只调用一次基类的构造函数)。虚基类的构造函数由继承层次最深的类调用(if a class inherits one or more classes that have virtual parents, the most derived class is responsible for constructing the virtual base class.)
如果要识别某类的父类为虚基类,该派生类的继承列表前必须添加virtual关键字。否则将不识别该类的父类为虚基类
比如下例中若类A或类B中有一个未加virtual关键字,仍将调用基类构造函数两次
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base()
{
cout<<"Base constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class A:virtual public Base{
public:
A()
{
cout<<"A constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class B: virtual public Base{
public:
B()
{
cout<<"B constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class D:public A,B{
public:
D(){
cout<<"D constructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
以上程序输出
Base constructor
A constructor
B constructor
D constructor
基类构造函数只调用一次,基类构造函数由类D调用。
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Base{
public:
Base()
{
cout<<"Base constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class A:virtual public Base{
public:
A()
{
cout<<"A constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class B: virtual public Base{
public:
B()
{
cout<<"B constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class E:public Base{
public:
E()
{
cout<<"E constructor"<<endl;
}
};
class D:public A,B,E{
public:
D(){
cout<<"D constructor"<<endl;
}
};
int main(){
D d;
}
以上程序输出
Base constructor
A constructor
B constructor
Base constructor
E constructor
D constructor
基类Base构造函数调用了两次,因为派生类E继承列表前未添加virtual关键字,不表明该类E继承自虚基类,仍会调用基类构造函数