Deep Learning 学习随记（六）Linear Decoder 线性解码

线性解码器（Linear Decoder）

前面第一章提到稀疏自编码器（http://www.cnblogs.com/bzjia-blog/p/SparseAutoencoder.html）的三层网络结构，我们要满足最后一层的输出：a^（3）≈a^（1）（即输入值x）的近似重建。考虑到在最后一层的a^（3）=f（z^（3）），这里f一般用sigmoid函数或tanh函数等非线性函数，而将输出界定在一个范围内（比如sigmoid函数使结果在[0，1]中）。这对于有些数据组，例如MNIST手写数字库中其输入输出范围符合极佳，但并不是所有的情况都满足这个条件。例如，若采用PCA白化，输入将不再限制于[0,1]，虽可通过缩放数据来确保其符合特定范围内，但显然，这不是最好的方式。

因此，这里提到的Linear Decoder就是通过在最后一层用激励函数：a^（3） = z^（3）（也即f（z）=z）来实现。这里要注意到，只是在最后一层用这个激励函数，其他隐层的激励函数仍然是sigmoid函数或者tanh函数，我们仅在输出层中使用线性激励机制。

这样一来，在求梯度的时候，公式：

 

就应该改成：

这个是显然的，因为f'（z）=1。其他层的都不需要改变。

 

练习：

这里讲义给出了一个练习，基本跟稀疏自编码一样，只有几处需要稍微改动一下。

linearDecoderExercise.m

%% CS294A/CS294W Linear Decoder Exercise

%  Instructions
%  ------------
% 
%  This file contains code that helps you get started on the
%  linear decoder exericse. For this exercise, you will only need to modify
%  the code in sparseAutoencoderLinearCost.m. You will not need to modify
%  any code in this file.

%%======================================================================
%% STEP 0: Initialization
%  Here we initialize some parameters used for the exercise.

imageChannels = 3;     % number of channels (rgb, so 3)

patchDim   = 8;          % patch dimension
numPatches = 100000;   % number of patches

visibleSize = patchDim * patchDim * imageChannels;  % number of input units 
outputSize  = visibleSize;   % number of output units
hiddenSize  = 400;           % number of hidden units 

sparsityParam = 0.035; % desired average activation of the hidden units.
lambda = 3e-3;         % weight decay parameter       
beta = 5;              % weight of sparsity penalty term       

epsilon = 0.1;           % epsilon for ZCA whitening

%%======================================================================
%% STEP 1: Create and modify sparseAutoencoderLinearCost.m to use a linear decoder,
%          and check gradients
%  You should copy sparseAutoencoderCost.m from your earlier exercise 
%  and rename it to sparseAutoencoderLinearCost.m. 
%  Then you need to rename the function from sparseAutoencoderCost to
%  sparseAutoencoderLinearCost, and modify it so that the sparse autoencoder
%  uses a linear decoder instead. Once that is done, you should check 
% your gradients to verify that they are correct.

% NOTE: Modify sparseAutoencoderCost first!

% To speed up gradient checking, we will use a reduced network and some
% dummy patches

debugHiddenSize = 5;
debugvisibleSize = 8;
patches = rand([8 10]);
theta = initializeParameters(debugHiddenSize, debugvisibleSize); 

[cost, grad] = sparseAutoencoderLinearCost(theta, debugvisibleSize, debugHiddenSize, ...
                                           lambda, sparsityParam, beta, ...
                                           patches);

% Check gradients
numGrad = computeNumericalGradient( @(x) sparseAutoencoderLinearCost(x, debugvisibleSize, debugHiddenSize, ...
                                                  lambda, sparsityParam, beta, ...
                                                  patches), theta);

% Use this to visually compare the gradients side by side
disp([numGrad grad]); 

diff = norm(numGrad-grad)/norm(numGrad+grad);
% Should be small. In our implementation, these values are usually less than 1e-9.
disp(diff); 

assert(diff < 1e-9, 'Difference too large. Check your gradient computation again');

% NOTE: Once your gradients check out, you should run step 0 again to
%       reinitialize the parameters
%}

%%======================================================================
%% STEP 2: Learn features on small patches
%  In this step, you will use your sparse autoencoder (which now uses a 
%  linear decoder) to learn features on small patches sampled from related
%  images.

%% STEP 2a: Load patches
%  In this step, we load 100k patches sampled from the STL10 dataset and
%  visualize them. Note that these patches have been scaled to [0,1]

load stlSampledPatches.mat

displayColorNetwork(patches(:, 1:100));

%% STEP 2b: Apply preprocessing
%  In this sub-step, we preprocess the sampled patches, in particular, 
%  ZCA whitening them. 
% 
%  In a later exercise on convolution and pooling, you will need to replicate 
%  exactly the preprocessing steps you apply to these patches before 
%  using the autoencoder to learn features on them. Hence, we will save the
%  ZCA whitening and mean image matrices together with the learned features
%  later on.

% Subtract mean patch (hence zeroing the mean of the patches)
meanPatch = mean(patches, 2);  
patches = bsxfun(@minus, patches, meanPatch);

% Apply ZCA whitening
sigma = patches * patches' / numPatches;
[u, s, v] = svd(sigma);
ZCAWhite = u * diag(1 ./ sqrt(diag(s) + epsilon)) * u';
patches = ZCAWhite * patches;

displayColorNetwork(patches(:, 1:100));

%% STEP 2c: Learn features
%  You will now use your sparse autoencoder (with linear decoder) to learn
%  features on the preprocessed patches. This should take around 45 minutes.

theta = initializeParameters(hiddenSize, visibleSize);

% Use minFunc to minimize the function
addpath minFunc/

options = struct;
options.Method = 'lbfgs'; 
options.maxIter = 400;
options.display = 'on';

[optTheta, cost] = minFunc( @(p) sparseAutoencoderLinearCost(p, ...
                                   visibleSize, hiddenSize, ...
                                   lambda, sparsityParam, ...
                                   beta, patches), ...
                              theta, options);

% Save the learned features and the preprocessing matrices for use in 
% the later exercise on convolution and pooling
fprintf('Saving learned features and preprocessing matrices...\n');                          
save('STL10Features.mat', 'optTheta', 'ZCAWhite', 'meanPatch');
fprintf('Saved\n');

%% STEP 2d: Visualize learned features

W = reshape(optTheta(1:visibleSize * hiddenSize), hiddenSize, visibleSize);
b = optTheta(2*hiddenSize*visibleSize+1:2*hiddenSize*visibleSize+hiddenSize);
displayColorNetwork( (W*ZCAWhite)');

 

 sparseAutoencoderLinearCost.m

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