MySQL的多表查询
什么是多表联合查询
前面所讲的查询语句都是针对一个表的,但是在关系型数据库中,表与表之间是有联系的,所以在实际应用中,经常使用多表查询。多表查询就是同时查询两个或两个以上的表。
在 MySQL 中,多表查询主要有交叉连接、内连接、外连接、分组查询与子查询等5种。
创建一个库和表
创建school库 创建tb_students_info表,插入数据
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p'dianjijixu123!'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.39 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2022, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> use school;
Database changed
mysql> create table tb_students_info(id int not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(50),age tinyint,sex varchar(10),height int,course_id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> desc tb_students_info;
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | varchar(10) | YES | | NULL | |
| height | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| course_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert tb_students_info(name,age,sex,height,course_id) values('Dany',25,'Male',160,1),('Green',23,'Male',158,2),('Henry',23,'Female',185,1),('Jane',22,'Male',162,3),('Jim',24,'Female',175,2),('John',21,'Male',172,4),('Lily',22,'Male',165,4),('Susan',23,'Male',170,5),('Thomas',22,'Female',178,5),('Tom',23,'Female',165,5);
Query OK, 10 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 10 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
再一个创建tb_course表,插入数据
mysql> create table tb_course(id int not null primary key auto_increment,course_name varchar(50));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert tb_course(course_name) values('Java'),('Mysql'),('Python'),('Go'),('C++');
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | Mysql |
| 3 | Python |
| 4 | Go |
| 5 | C++ |
+----+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
交叉连接
不加入where 字句使用 cross join 查询出两张表中的笛卡尔积,SQL 语句和运行结果如下(不建议使用)
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb_course CROSS JOIN tb_students_info;
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | course_name | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Java | 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Mysql | 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 3 | Python | 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 4 | Go | 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 5 | C++ | 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 1 | Java | 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 2 | Mysql | 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Python | 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 4 | Go | 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 5 | C++ | 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 1 | Java | 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 2 | Mysql | 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 3 | Python | 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Go | 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 5 | C++ | 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 1 | Java | 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 2 | Mysql | 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 3 | Python | 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 4 | Go | 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | C++ | 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 1 | Java | 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 2 | Mysql | 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 3 | Python | 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 4 | Go | 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 5 | C++ | 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 1 | Java | 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 2 | Mysql | 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 3 | Python | 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 4 | Go | 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 5 | C++ | 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 1 | Java | 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 2 | Mysql | 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 3 | Python | 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 4 | Go | 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 5 | C++ | 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 1 | Java | 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 2 | Mysql | 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 3 | Python | 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 4 | Go | 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 5 | C++ | 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 1 | Java | 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 2 | Mysql | 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 3 | Python | 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 4 | Go | 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 5 | C++ | 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 1 | Java | 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 2 | Mysql | 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 3 | Python | 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 4 | Go | 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 5 | C++ | 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
50 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
由运行结果可以看出,tb_course 和 tb_students_info 表交叉连接查询后,返回了 50 条记录。可以想象,当表中的数据较多时,得到的运行结果会非常长,而且得到的运行结果也没太大的意义。所以,通过交叉连接的方式进行多表查询的这种方法并不常用,我们应该尽量避免这种查询
加入where 字句使用 cross join 查询出两张表中的笛卡尔积,SQL 语句和运行结果如下(一般情况下不建议使用交叉连接)
mysql> select * from tb_course cross join tb_students_info where tb_students_info.course_id = tb_course.id;
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | course_name | id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Java | 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Mysql | 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 1 | Java | 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 3 | Python | 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 2 | Mysql | 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 4 | Go | 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 4 | Go | 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 5 | C++ | 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 5 | C++ | 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 5 | C++ | 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
+----+-------------+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
如果在交叉连接时使用 WHERE 子句,MySQL 会先生成两个表的笛卡尔积,然后再选择满足 WHERE 条件的记录。因此,表的数量较多时,交叉连接会非常非常慢。一般情况下不建议使用交叉连接。
在 MySQL 中,多表查询一般使用内连接和外连接,它们的效率要高于交叉连接。
内连接
内连接的语法格式如下:
SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1> INNER JOIN <表2> [ON子句];
语法说明如下。
字段名:需要查询的字段名称。
<表1><表2>:需要内连接的表名。
INNER JOIN :内连接中可以省略 INNER 关键字,只用关键字 JOIN。
ON 子句:用来设置内连接的连接条件。
INNER JOIN 也可以使用 WHERE 子句指定连接条件,但是 INNER JOIN ... ON 语法是官方的标准写法,而且 WHERE 子句在某些时候会影响查询的性能。
在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表之间,使用内连接查询学生姓名和相对应的课程名称
mysql> SELECT s.name,c.course_name FROM tb_students_info s INNER JOIN tb_course c ON s.course_id = c.id;
+--------+-------------+
| name | course_name |
+--------+-------------+
| Dany | Java |
| Green | Mysql |
| Henry | Java |
| Jane | Python |
| Jim | Mysql |
| John | Go |
| Lily | Go |
| Susan | C++ |
| Thomas | C++ |
| Tom | C++ |
+--------+-------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
按照course_name来排序
mysql> select s.name,c.course_name from tb_students_info as s inner join tb_course as c on s.course_id = c.id order by c.course_name;
+--------+-------------+
| name | course_name |
+--------+-------------+
| Tom | C++ |
| Susan | C++ |
| Thomas | C++ |
| John | Go |
| Lily | Go |
| Henry | Java |
| Dany | Java |
| Jim | Mysql |
| Green | Mysql |
| Jane | Python |
+--------+-------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
外连接
内连接的查询结果都是符合连接条件的记录,而外连接会先将连接的表分为基表和参考表,再以基表为依据返回满足和不满足条件的记录。
外连接可以分为左外连接和右外连接2种,下面根据实例分别介绍左外连接和右外连接。
左外连接
左外连接又称为左连接,使用 LEFT OUTER JOIN 关键字连接两个表,并使用 ON 子句来设置连接条件。
左连接的语法格式如下:
SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1> LEFT OUTER JOIN <表2> <ON子句>;
语法说明如下:
字段名:需要查询的字段名称。
<表1><表2>:需要左连接的表名。
LEFT OUTER JOIN:左连接中可以省略 OUTER 关键字,只使用关键字 LEFT JOIN。
ON 子句:用来设置左连接的连接条件,不能省略。
"表1"为基表,"表2"为参考表。
在tb_course表创建一个Html,但是tb_students_info没有对应的course_id
mysql> insert tb_course(course_name) value('Html');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
因为tb_students_info没有对应的course_id,tb_course没有显示Html
mysql> select * from tb_students_info left join tb_course on tb_students_info.course_id = tb_course.id;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+------+-------------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id | id | course_name |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+------+-------------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 | 1 | Java |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 | 2 | Mysql |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 | 1 | Java |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 | 3 | Python |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 | 2 | Mysql |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 | 4 | Go |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 | 4 | Go |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 | 5 | C++ |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 | 5 | C++ |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 | 5 | C++ |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+------+-------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
在tb_students_info添加Liming,但是不创建course_id和course_name
mysql> insert tb_students_info(name,age,sex,height,course_id) value('Liming',22,'Male',180,7);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
//因为tb_students_info是基盘,虽然在tb_course没有对应的id和course_name,但还是取出来id和course_name的null值
mysql> select * from tb_students_info left join tb_course on tb_students_info.course_id = tb_course.id;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+------+-------------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id | id | course_name |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+------+-------------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 | 1 | Java |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 | 2 | Mysql |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 | 1 | Java |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 | 3 | Python |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 | 2 | Mysql |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 | 4 | Go |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 | 4 | Go |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 | 5 | C++ |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 | 5 | C++ |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 | 5 | C++ |
| 11 | Liming | 22 | Male | 180 | 7 | NULL | NULL |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+------+-------------+
11 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
右连接
右外连接又称为右连接,右连接是左连接的反向连接。使用 RIGHT OUTER JOIN 关键字连接两个表,并使用 ON 子句来设置连接条件。
右连接的语法格式如下:
SELECT <字段名> FROM <表1> RIGHT OUTER JOIN <表2> <ON子句>;
语法说明如下:
字段名:需要查询的字段名称。
<表1><表2>:需要右连接的表名。
RIGHT OUTER JOIN:右连接中可以省略 OUTER 关键字,只使用关键字 RIGHT JOIN。
ON 子句:用来设置右连接的连接条件,不能省略。
与左连接相反,右连接以"表2"为基表,"表1"为参考表。右连接查询时,可以查询出"表2"中的所有记录和"表1"中匹配连接条件的记录。如果"表2"的某行在"表1"中没有匹配行,那么在返回结果中,"表1"的字段值均为空值(NULL)。
在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表中查询所有课程,包括没有学生的课程在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表中查询所有课程,包括没有学生的课程
s.name的s是tb_students_info的别名,tb_students_info s就是tb_students_info as s只不过as是可以忽略的tb_course c同理
mysql> SELECT s.name,c.course_name FROM tb_students_info s RIGHT OUTER JOIN tb_course c ON s.`course_id`=c.`id`;
+--------+-------------+
| name | course_name |
+--------+-------------+
| Dany | Java |
| Green | Mysql |
| Henry | Java |
| Jane | Python |
| Jim | Mysql |
| John | Go |
| Lily | Go |
| Susan | C++ |
| Thomas | C++ |
| Tom | C++ |
| NULL | Html |
+--------+-------------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
分组查询
在 MySQL 中,GROUP BY 关键字可以根据一个或多个字段对查询结果进行分组。
使用 GROUP BY 关键字的语法格式如下:
GROUP BY <字段名>
其中,"字段名"表示需要分组的字段名称,多个字段时用逗号隔开。
GROUP BY单独使用
单独使用 GROUP BY 关键字时,查询结果会只显示每个分组的第一条记录。
下面根据 tb_students_info 表中的 sex 字段进行分组查询
mysql> SELECT name,sex FROM tb_students_info GROUP BY sex;
+-------+--------+
| name | sex |
+-------+--------+
| Henry | Female |
| Dany | Male |
+-------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
GROUP BY 与 GROUP_CONCAT()
GROUP BY 关键字可以和 GROUP_CONCAT() 函数一起使用。GROUP_CONCAT() 函数会把每个分组的字段值都显示出来。
下面根据 tb_students_info 表中的 sex 字段进行分组查询,使用 GROUP_CONCAT() 函数将每个分组的 name 字段的值都显示出来
mysql> select sex, group_concat(name) from tb_students_info group by sex;
+--------+----------------------------------------+
| sex | group_concat(name) |
+--------+----------------------------------------+
| Female | Henry,Jim,Thomas,Tom |
| Male | Dany,Green,Jane,John,Lily,Susan,Liming |
+--------+----------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)</code>
mysql>
下面根据 tb_students_info 表中的 age 和 sex 字段进行分组查询
mysql> select age,sex,group_concat(name) names from tb_students_info group by age,sex;
+------+--------+------------------+
| age | sex | names |
+------+--------+------------------+
| 21 | Male | John |
| 22 | Female | Thomas |
| 22 | Male | Jane,Lily,Liming |
| 23 | Female | Henry,Tom |
| 23 | Male | Green,Susan |
| 24 | Female | Jim |
| 25 | Male | Dany |
+------+--------+------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)</code>
mysql>
GROUP BY 与聚合函数
在数据统计时,GROUP BY 关键字经常和聚合函数一起使用。
聚合函数包括 COUNT(),SUM(),AVG(),MAX() 和 MIN()。其中,COUNT() 用来统计记录的条数;SUM() 用来计算字段值的总和;AVG() 用来计算字段值的平均值;MAX() 用来查询字段的最大值;MIN() 用来查询字段的最小值。
tb_students_info 表的 sex 字段进行分组查询,使用 COUNT() 函数计算每一组的记录数。
mysql> select sex,count(sex) from tb_students_info group by sex;
+--------+------------+
| sex | count(sex) |
+--------+------------+
| Female | 4 |
| Male | 7 |
+--------+------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select sex 性别,count(sex) 个数 from tb_students_info group by sex;
+--------+--------+
| 性别 | 个数 |
+--------+--------+
| Female | 4 |
| Male | 7 |
+--------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
GROUP BY 与 WITH ROLLUP
WITH POLLUP 关键字用来在所有记录的最后加上一条记录,这条记录是上面所有记录的总和,即统计记录数量。
下面根据 tb_students_info 表中的 sex 字段进行分组查询,并使用 WITH ROLLUP 显示记录的总和:
mysql> select sex,group_concat(name) name from tb_students_info group by sex with rollup;
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| sex | name |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| Female | Henry,Jim,Thomas,Tom |
| Male | Dany,Green,Jane,John,Lily,Susan,Liming |
| NULL | Henry,Jim,Thomas,Tom,Dany,Green,Jane,John,Lily,Susan,Liming |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select sex,group_concat(name) name from tb_students_info group by sex;
+--------+----------------------------------------+
| sex | name |
+--------+----------------------------------------+
| Female | Henry,Jim,Thomas,Tom |
| Male | Dany,Green,Jane,John,Lily,Susan,Liming |
+--------+----------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
with rollup 统计所有的名单
计算平均年龄
mysql> select avg(age) from tb_students_info;
+----------+
| avg(age) |
+----------+
| 22.7273 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查询男女的平均年龄
mysql> select sex,avg(age) from tb_students_info group by sex;
+--------+----------+
| sex | avg(age) |
+--------+----------+
| Female | 23.0000 |
| Male | 22.5714 |
+--------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
子查询
子查询是 MySQL 中比较常用的查询方法,通过子查询可以实现多表查询。子查询指将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。子查询可以在 SELECT、UPDATE 和 DELETE 语句中使用,而且可以进行多层嵌套。在实际开发时,子查询经常出现在 WHERE 子句中。
子查询在 WHERE 中的语法格式如下:
WHERE <表达式><操作符> (子查询)
其中,操作符可以是比较运算符和 IN、NOT IN、EXISTS、NOT EXISTS 等关键字。
IN | NOT IN
当表达式与子查询返回的结果集中的某个值相等时,返回 TRUE,否则返回 FALSE;若使用关键字 NOT,则返回值正好相反。
EXISTS | NOT EXISTS
用于判断子查询的结果集是否为空,若子查询的结果集不为空,返回 TRUE,否则返回 FALSE;若使用关键字 NOT,则返回的值正好相反。
使用子查询在 tb_students_info 表和 tb_course 表中查询学习 Java 课程的学生姓名
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 11 | Liming | 22 | Male | 180 | 7 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Java';
+----+
| id |
+----+
| 1 |
+----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name from tb_students_info where course_id in (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Java');
+-------+
| name |
+-------+
| Dany |
| Henry |
+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
括号里的值可以有多个
mysql> select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Java' or course_name = 'Go' ;
+----+
| id |
+----+
| 1 |
| 4 |
+----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> select name from tb_students_info where course_id in (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Java' or course_name = 'Go');
+-------+
| name |
+-------+
| Dany |
| Henry |
| John |
| Lily |
+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
在 SELECT 语句中使用 NOT IN 关键字,就是查询没有学习Java和Go的
mysql> select name from tb_students_info where course_id not in (select id from tb_course where course_name ='Java' or course_name = 'Go');
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| Green |
| Jane |
| Jim |
| Susan |
| Thomas |
| Tom |
| Liming |
+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
外层的 SELECT 查询称为父查询,圆括号中嵌入的查询称为子查询(子查询必须放在圆括号内)。MySQL 在处理上例的 SELECT 语句时,执行流程为:先执行子查询,再执行父查询
使用=运算符,在 tb_course 表和 tb_students_info 表中查询出所有学习 Python 课程的学生姓名
mysql> select * from tb_course;
+----+-------------+
| id | course_name |
+----+-------------+
| 1 | Java |
| 2 | Mysql |
| 3 | Python |
| 4 | Go |
| 5 | C++ |
| 6 | Html |
+----+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> select name from tb_students_info where course_id = (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Python');
+------+
| name |
+------+
| Jane |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
使用<>运算符(不等于),在 tb_course 表和 tb_students_info 表中查询出没有学习 Python 课程的学生姓名
mysql> select name from tb_students_info where course_id <> (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Pythhon');
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| Dany |
| Green |
| Henry |
| Jim |
| John |
| Lily |
| Susan |
| Thomas |
| Tom |
| Liming |
+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> select name from tb_students_info where course_id != (select id from tb_course where course_name = 'Pythhon');
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| Dany |
| Green |
| Henry |
| Jim |
| John |
| Lily |
| Susan |
| Thomas |
| Tom |
| Liming |
+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
!= 也可以实现<>的效果,!表示取反!=意思是不等于
查询 tb_course 表中是否存在 id=1 的课程,如果存在,就查询出 tb_students_info 表中的记录,如果不存在就显示为空,
mysql> select * from tb_students_info where exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 1);
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 11 | Liming | 22 | Male | 180 | 7 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tb_students_info where exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 8);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
可以看到,tb_course 表中存在 id=1 的记录,因此 EXISTS 表达式返回 TRUE,外层查询语句接收 TRUE 之后对表 tb_students_info 进行查询,返回所有的记录。
EXISTS 关键字可以和其它查询条件一起使用,条件表达式与 EXISTS 关键字之间用 AND 和 OR 连接。
mysql> select * from tb_students_info where exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 8)or not exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 8);
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 11 | Liming | 22 | Male | 180 | 7 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
命令能执行成功是因为后面not exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 8)是成立的
查询 tb_course 表中是否存在 id=1 的课程,如果存在,就查询出 tb_students_info 表中 age 字段大于 24 的记录
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 11 | Liming | 22 | Male | 180 | 7 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tb_students_info where age > 24 and exists (select course_name from tb_course where id =1);
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
结果显示,从 tb_students_info 表中查询出了一条记录,这条记录的 age 字段取值为 25。内层查询语句从 tb_course 表中查询到记录,返回 TRUE。外层查询语句开始进行查询。根据查询条件,从 tb_students_info 表中查询 age 大于 24 的记录。
查询 tb_course 表中是否存在 id=2 的课程,如果存在,就查询出 tb_students_info 表中 age 字段大于 24 的记录
mysql> select * from tb_students_info where age > 24 and exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 2);
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
+----+------+------+------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
结果显示,明明没有大于24岁学习课程1的人但还是执行了出来,说明后面exists (select course_name from tb_course where id = 2)是一个条件,主要还前面是select * from tb_students_info where age > 24(查询 tb_students_info 表中 age 字段大于 24 )
查询班级身高最高的学生
mysql> select name,height from tb_students_info where height = (select max(height) from tb_students_info);
+-------+--------+
| name | height |
+-------+--------+
| Henry | 185 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> select * from tb_students_info;
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | age | sex | height | course_id |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Dany | 25 | Male | 160 | 1 |
| 2 | Green | 23 | Male | 158 | 2 |
| 3 | Henry | 23 | Female | 185 | 1 |
| 4 | Jane | 22 | Male | 162 | 3 |
| 5 | Jim | 24 | Female | 175 | 2 |
| 6 | John | 21 | Male | 172 | 4 |
| 7 | Lily | 22 | Male | 165 | 4 |
| 8 | Susan | 23 | Male | 170 | 5 |
| 9 | Thomas | 22 | Female | 178 | 5 |
| 10 | Tom | 23 | Female | 165 | 5 |
| 11 | Liming | 22 | Male | 180 | 7 |
+----+--------+------+--------+--------+-----------+
11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
关于查询班级身高最高的学生的错误查询(不要用这种方式查询)
mysql> select name,max(height) height from tb_students_info;
+------+--------+
| name | height |
+------+--------+
| Dany | 185 |
+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查询班级年龄最小的学生姓名和性别
mysql> select name,sex,age from tb_students_info where age = (select min(age)from tb_students_info);
+------+------+------+
| name | sex | age |
+------+------+------+
| John | Male | 21 |
+------+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查询 tb_students_info表的名字,人数,平均年龄,身高根据tb_students_info的姓名分组
mysql> select s.name,count(*),avg(s.age),s.height from tb_students_info s,tb_course c where s.course_id = c.id group by s.name;
+--------+----------+------------+--------+
| name | count(*) | avg(s.age) | height |
+--------+----------+------------+--------+
| Dany | 1 | 25.0000 | 160 |
| Green | 1 | 23.0000 | 158 |
| Henry | 2 | 24.0000 | 185 |
| Jane | 1 | 22.0000 | 162 |
| Jim | 1 | 24.0000 | 175 |
| John | 1 | 21.0000 | 172 |
| Lily | 1 | 22.0000 | 165 |
| Susan | 1 | 23.0000 | 170 |
| Thomas | 1 | 22.0000 | 178 |
| Tom | 1 | 23.0000 | 165 |
+--------+----------+------------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查询 tb_students_info表的名字,人数,平均年龄,身高根据身高进行降序排序
mysql> select s.name,count(*),avg(s.age),s.height from tb_students_info s,tb_course c where s.course_id = c.id group by s.name order by s.height desc;
+--------+----------+------------+--------+
| name | count(*) | avg(s.age) | height |
+--------+----------+------------+--------+
| Henry | 2 | 24.0000 | 185 |
| Thomas | 1 | 22.0000 | 178 |
| Jim | 1 | 24.0000 | 175 |
| John | 1 | 21.0000 | 172 |
| Susan | 1 | 23.0000 | 170 |
| Lily | 1 | 22.0000 | 165 |
| Tom | 1 | 23.0000 | 165 |
| Jane | 1 | 22.0000 | 162 |
| Dany | 1 | 25.0000 | 160 |
| Green | 1 | 23.0000 | 158 |
+--------+----------+------------+--------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
查询班级身高最矮三个学生的名字,人数,平均年龄,身高
mysql> select s.name,count(*),avg(s.age),s.height from tb_students_info s,tb_course c where s.course_id = c.id group by s.name order by s.height limit 3;
+-------+----------+------------+--------+
| name | count(*) | avg(s.age) | height |
+-------+----------+------------+--------+
| Green | 1 | 23.0000 | 158 |
| Dany | 1 | 25.0000 | 160 |
| Jane | 1 | 22.0000 | 162 |
+-------+----------+------------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>