MySQL表的增删改查（CRUD）
文章目录
SQL查询中各个关键字的执行先后顺序
from > on > join > where > group by > with > having > select > distinct > order by > limit
1. Create
语法：
INSERT [INTO] table_name
[(column [, column] ...)]
VALUES (value_list) [, (value_list)] ...
value_list: value, [, value] ...
案例：
# 创建一张学生表
CREATE TABLE students (
id INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
sn INT NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '学号',
name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
qq VARCHAR(20)
);
1.1 单行数据 + 全列插入
插入两条记录，value_list 数量必须和定义表的列的数量及顺序一致。
mysql> INSERT INTO students VALUES (100, 10000, '唐三藏', NULL);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO students VALUES (101, 10001, '孙悟空', '11111');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM students;
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10000 | 唐三藏 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意，这里在插入的时候，也可以不用指定id(当然，那时候就需要明确插入数据到那些列了)，那么mysql会使用默认的值进行自增。
1.2 多行数据 + 指定列插入
插入两条记录，value_list 数量必须和指定列数量及顺序一致
mysql> INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES
-> (102, 20001, '曹孟德'),
-> (103, 20002, '孙仲谋');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM students;
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10000 | 唐三藏 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 102 | 20001 | 曹孟德 | NULL |
| 103 | 20002 | 孙仲谋 | NULL |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
1.3 插入否则更新
由于 主键 或者 唯一键 对应的值已经存在而导致插入失败
# 主键冲突
mysql> INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES (100, 10010, '唐大师');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '100' for key 'students.PRIMARY'
# 唯一键冲突
mysql> INSERT INTO students (sn, name) VALUES (20001, '曹阿瞒');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '20001' for key 'students.sn'
可以选择性的进行同步更新操作
语法：
INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
column = value [, column = value] ...
ON DUPLICATE KEY 当发生重复key的时候
示例：
mysql> INSERT INTO students (id, sn, name) VALUES (100, 10010, '唐大师')
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE sn = 10010, name = '唐大师';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.47 sec)
-- 0 row affected: 表中有冲突数据，但冲突数据的值和 update 的值相等
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据，数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据，并且数据已经被更新
mysql> SELECT ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
| -1 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
1.4 替换
# 主键 或者 唯一键 没有冲突，则直接插入；
# 主键 或者 唯一键 如果冲突，则删除后再插入
REPLACE INTO students (sn, name) VALUES (20001, '曹阿瞒');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 1 row affected: 表中没有冲突数据，数据被插入
-- 2 row affected: 表中有冲突数据，删除后重新插入
2. Retrieve
语法：
SELECT
[DISTINCT] {* | {column [, column] ...}
[FROM table_name]
[WHERE ...]
[ORDER BY column [ASC | DESC], ...]
LIMIT ...
案例前置数据导入：
mysql> CREATE TABLE exam_result (
-> id INT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL COMMENT '同学姓名',
-> chinese float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '语文成绩',
-> math float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '数学成绩',
-> english float DEFAULT 0.0 COMMENT '英语成绩'
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO exam_result (name, chinese, math, english) VALUES
-> ('唐三藏', 67, 98, 56),
-> ('孙悟空', 87, 78, 77),
-> ('猪悟能', 88, 98, 90),
-> ('曹孟德', 82, 84, 67),
-> ('刘玄德', 55, 85, 45),
-> ('孙权', 70, 73, 78),
-> ('宋公明', 75, 65, 30);
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
2.1 SELECT 列
2.1.1 全列查询
语法：
SELECT * FROM 表名;
通常情况下不建议使用 * 进行全列查询
-
查询的列越多，意味着需要传输的数据量越大；
-
可能会影响到索引的使用。
案例：
mysql> SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 67 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 87 | 78 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 82 | 84 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 55 | 85 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 75 | 65 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.2 指定列查询
指定列的顺序不需要按定义表的顺序
mysql> SELECT id, name, english FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+
| id | name | english |
+----+-----------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT id, math, name FROM exam_result;
+----+------+-----------+
| id | math | name |
+----+------+-----------+
| 1 | 98 | 唐三藏 |
| 2 | 78 | 孙悟空 |
| 3 | 98 | 猪悟能 |
| 4 | 84 | 曹孟德 |
| 5 | 85 | 刘玄德 |
| 6 | 73 | 孙权 |
| 7 | 65 | 宋公明 |
+----+------+-----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.3 查询字段为表达式
- 表达式不包含字段
mysql> SELECT id, name, 10 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+----+
| id | name | 10 |
+----+-----------+----+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 10 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 10 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 10 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 10 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 10 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 10 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 10 |
+----+-----------+----+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- 表达式包含一个字段
mysql> SELECT id, name, english + 10 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------------+
| id | name | english + 10 |
+----+-----------+--------------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 66 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 100 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 77 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 55 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 88 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 40 |
+----+-----------+--------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- 表达式包含多个字段
mysql> SELECT id, name, chinese + math + english FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------------------------+
| id | name | chinese + math + english |
+----+-----------+--------------------------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 221 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 170 |
+----+-----------+--------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.1.4 为查询指定别名
语法：
SELECT column [AS] alias_name [...] FROM table_name;
案例：
mysql> SELECT id, name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+--------+
| id | name | 总分 |
+----+-----------+--------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 221 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 170 |
+----+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.1.5 结果去重
# 查询发现数学成绩有重复的
mysql> SELECT math FROM exam_result;
+------+
| math |
+------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 98 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 利用DISTINCT关键字去重
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT math FROM exam_result;
+------+
| math |
+------+
| 98 |
| 78 |
| 84 |
| 85 |
| 73 |
| 65 |
+------+
6 rows in set (0.03 sec)
2.2 WHERE 条件
比较运算符：
逻辑运算符：
案例：
2.2.1 英语不及格的同学(英语成绩<60)及英语成绩
mysql> SELECT name, english FROM exam_result WHERE english < 60;
+-----------+---------+
| name | english |
+-----------+---------+
| 唐三藏 | 56 |
| 刘玄德 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 30 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
2.2.2 语文成绩在 [80, 90] 分的同学及语文成绩
# 使用 and 条件连接语句
mysql> SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese >= 80 AND chinese <= 90;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 使用 between...and... 语句
mysql> SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE chinese BETWEEN 80 AND 90;
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
2.2.3 数学成绩是 58 或者 59 或者 98 或者 99 分的同学及数学成绩
# 使用 or 条件连接语句
mysql> SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
-> WHERE math = 58
-> OR math = 59
-> OR math = 98
-> OR math = 99;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 使用 in 语句
mysql> SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE math IN (58, 59, 98, 99);
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.4 姓孙的同学 及 孙某同学
- % 匹配任意多个（包括 0 个）任意字符
mysql> SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙%';
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| 孙悟空 |
| 孙权 |
+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- _ 匹配严格的一个任意字符
mysql> SELECT name FROM exam_result WHERE name LIKE '孙_';
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| 孙权 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.5 语文成绩好于英语成绩的同学
WHERE 条件中比较运算符两侧都是字段
mysql> SELECT name, chinese, english FROM exam_result WHERE chinese > english;
+-----------+---------+---------+
| name | chinese | english |
+-----------+---------+---------+
| 唐三藏 | 67 | 56 |
| 孙悟空 | 87 | 77 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 | 67 |
| 刘玄德 | 55 | 45 |
| 宋公明 | 75 | 30 |
+-----------+---------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.6 总分在 200 分以下的同学
WHERE 条件中使用表达式
# 别名不能用在 WHERE 条件中
mysql> SELECT name, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
-> WHERE chinese + math + english < 200;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.7 语文成绩 > 80 并且不姓孙的同学
# and 与 not 的使用
mysql> SELECT name, chinese FROM exam_result
-> WHERE chinese > 80 AND name NOT LIKE '孙%';
+-----------+---------+
| name | chinese |
+-----------+---------+
| 猪悟能 | 88 |
| 曹孟德 | 82 |
+-----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.8 孙某同学，否则要求总成绩 > 200 并且 语文成绩 < 数学成绩 并且 英语成绩 > 80
# 综合查询
mysql> select name, chinese, math, english, chinese+math+english total
-> from exam_result where
-> (name like '孙%') or
-> (chinese+math+english > 200 and chinese < math and english > 80);
+-----------+---------+------+---------+-------+
| name | chinese | math | english | total |
+-----------+---------+------+---------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 87 | 78 | 77 | 242 |
| 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 | 276 |
| 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 | 221 |
+-----------+---------+------+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.2.9 NULL 的查询
# 查询所有学生
mysql> select * from students;
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| id | sn | name | qq |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
| 100 | 10010 | 唐大师 | NULL |
| 101 | 10001 | 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 103 | 20002 | 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 105 | 20001 | 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----+-------+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
# 查询 qq 非空的学生
mysql> SELECT name, qq FROM students WHERE qq IS NOT NULL;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# = 和 <=> 对NULL查询的影响
mysql> SELECT NULL = NULL, NULL = 1, NULL = 0;
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL = NULL | NULL = 1 | NULL = 0 |
+-------------+----------+----------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT NULL <=> NULL, NULL <=> 1, NULL <=> 0;
+---------------+------------+------------+
| NULL <=> NULL | NULL <=> 1 | NULL <=> 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
| 1 | 0 | 0 |
+---------------+------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.3 结果排序
- ASC 为升序（从小到大）
- DESC 为降序（从大到小）
- 默认为 ASC
语法：
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...]
ORDER BY column [ASC|DESC], [...];
注意：没有 ORDER BY 子句的查询，返回的顺序是未定义的，永远不要依赖这个顺序
案例：
2.3.1 同学及数学成绩，按数学成绩升序显示
mysql> SELECT name, math FROM exam_result ORDER BY math;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 宋公明 | 65 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 |
+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.2 同学及 qq 号，按 qq 号排序显示
# NULL 视为比任何值都小，升序出现在最上面
mysql> SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# NULL 视为比任何值都小，降序出现在最下面
mysql> SELECT name, qq FROM students ORDER BY qq DESC;
+-----------+-------+
| name | qq |
+-----------+-------+
| 孙悟空 | 11111 |
| 唐大师 | NULL |
| 孙仲谋 | NULL |
| 曹阿瞒 | NULL |
+-----------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.3 查询同学各门成绩，依次按 数学降序，英语升序，语文升序的方式显示
多字段排序，排序优先级随书写顺序
# 优先数学降序，数学字段对应值相同时，英语升序...
mysql> SELECT name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY math DESC, english, chinese;
+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| name | math | english | chinese |
+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
| 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+-----------+------+---------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.4 查询同学及总分，由高到低
# order by 中可以使用表达式
mysql> SELECT name, chinese + english + math FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY chinese + english + math DESC;
+-----------+--------------------------+
| name | chinese + english + math |
+-----------+--------------------------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# ORDER BY 子句中可以使用列别名
mysql> SELECT name, chinese + english + math 总分 FROM exam_result ORDER BY 总分 DESC;
+-----------+--------+
| name | 总分 |
+-----------+--------+
| 猪悟能 | 276 |
| 孙悟空 | 242 |
| 曹孟德 | 233 |
| 唐三藏 | 221 |
| 孙权 | 221 |
| 刘玄德 | 185 |
| 宋公明 | 170 |
+-----------+--------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3.5 查询姓孙的同学或者姓曹的同学数学成绩，结果按数学成绩由高到低显示
# 结合 WHERE 子句和 ORDER BY 子句
mysql> SELECT name, math FROM exam_result
-> WHERE name LIKE '孙%' OR name LIKE '曹%'
-> ORDER BY math DESC;
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 |
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
| 孙权 | 73 |
+-----------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.4 筛选分页结果
语法：
-- 起始下标为 0
-- 从 s 开始，筛选 n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT s, n
-- 从0 开始，筛选n 条结果
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n;
;
-- 从 s 开始，筛选 n 条结果，比第二种用法更明确，建议使用
SELECT ... FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] LIMIT n OFFSET s;
建议：对未知表进行查询时，最好加一条 LIMIT 1，避免因为表中数据过大，查询全表数据导致数据库卡死
案例：
按 id 进行分页，每页 3 条记录，分别显示 第 1、2、3 页
# 第一页
mysql> SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 0;
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 98 | 56 | 67 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 78 | 77 | 87 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 98 | 90 | 88 |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
# 第二页
mysql> SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3;
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 84 | 67 | 82 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 85 | 45 | 55 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 73 | 78 | 70 |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第三页
mysql> SELECT id, name, math, english, chinese FROM exam_result ORDER BY id LIMIT 3 OFFSET 6;
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| id | name | math | english | chinese |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
| 7 | 宋公明 | 65 | 30 | 75 |
+----+-----------+------+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3. Update
语法：
UPDATE table_name SET column = expr [, column = expr ...]
[WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
对查询到的结果进行列值更新
案例：
3.1 单列变更
将孙悟空同学的数学成绩变更为 80 分
# 查看原数据
mysql> SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 孙悟空 | 78 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
# 数据更新
mysql> UPDATE exam_result SET math = 80 WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 查看更新后数据
mysql> SELECT name, math FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+-----------+------+
| name | math |
+-----------+------+
| 孙悟空 | 80 |
+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.2 一次更新多个列
将曹孟德同学的数学成绩变更为 60 分，语文成绩变更为 70 分
# 查看原数据
mysql> SELECT name, math, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE name = '曹孟德';
+-----------+------+---------+
| name | math | chinese |
+-----------+------+---------+
| 曹孟德 | 84 | 82 |
+-----------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 数据更新
mysql> UPDATE exam_result SET math = 60, chinese = 70 WHERE name = '曹孟德';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
# 查看更新后数据
mysql> SELECT name, math, chinese FROM exam_result WHERE name = '曹孟德';
+-----------+------+---------+
| name | math | chinese |
+-----------+------+---------+
| 曹孟德 | 60 | 70 |
+-----------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.3 更新值为原值基础上进行变更
将总成绩倒数前三的 3 位同学的数学成绩加上 30 分
# 查看原数据，别名可以在 ORDER BY 中使用
mysql> SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
+-----------+------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 65 | 170 |
| 刘玄德 | 85 | 185 |
| 曹孟德 | 60 | 197 |
+-----------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 数据更新
mysql> UPDATE exam_result SET math = math + 30
-> ORDER BY chinese + math + english LIMIT 3;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 3 Changed: 3 Warnings: 0
# 查询更新后的信息
mysql> SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
-> WHERE name IN ('宋公明', '刘玄德', '曹孟德');
+-----------+------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 90 | 227 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
+-----------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
#
mysql> SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
-> ORDER BY 总分 LIMIT 3;
+-----------+------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+------+--------+
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 唐三藏 | 98 | 221 |
+-----------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT name, math, chinese + math + english 总分 FROM exam_result
-> WHERE name IN ('宋公明', '刘玄德', '曹孟德') ORDER BY 总分 desc;
+-----------+------+--------+
| name | math | 总分 |
+-----------+------+--------+
| 曹孟德 | 90 | 227 |
| 刘玄德 | 115 | 215 |
| 宋公明 | 95 | 200 |
+-----------+------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.4 将所有同学的语文成绩更新为原来的 2 倍
注意：更新全表语句慎用
- 没有 WHERE 子句，更新全表
# 查看原数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 67 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 87 | 80 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 88 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 70 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 55 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 70 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 75 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
# 全表数据更新
mysql> UPDATE exam_result SET chinese = chinese * 2;
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.06 sec)
Rows matched: 7 Changed: 7 Warnings: 0
# 查看更新后数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 134 | 98 | 56 |
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 174 | 80 | 77 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 176 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 140 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 110 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 140 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 150 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4. Delete
4.1 删除数据
语法：
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE ...] [ORDER BY ...] [LIMIT ...]
案例：
4.1.1 删除孙悟空同学的考试成绩
# 查看原数据
mysql> SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 2 | 孙悟空 | 174 | 80 | 77 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 删除数据
mysql> DELETE FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
# 查看删除结果
mysql> SELECT * FROM exam_result WHERE name = '孙悟空';
Empty set (0.00 sec)
4.1.2 删除整张表数据
注意：删除整表操作要慎用！
前置准备：
mysql> CREATE TABLE for_delete ( id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, name VARCHAR(20) );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除操作：
mysql> DELETE FROM for_delete;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM for_delete;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
再插入一条数据，自增 id 在原值上增长
# 插入数据
mysql> INSERT INTO for_delete (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM for_delete;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 4 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 查看表结构，会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=n 项
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE for_delete\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: for_delete
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `for_delete` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
4.2 截断表
语法：
TRUNCATE [TABLE] table_name
注意：这个操作慎用
- 只能对整表操作，不能像 DELETE 一样针对部分数据操作；
- 实际上 MySQL 不对数据操作，所以比 DELETE 更快，但是TRUNCATE在删除数据的时候，并不经过真正的事务，所以无法回滚
- 会重置 AUTO_INCREMENT 项
前置准备：
mysql> CREATE TABLE for_truncate (
-> id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> name VARCHAR(20)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('A'), ('B'), ('C');
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | A |
| 2 | B |
| 3 | C |
+----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
截断操作：
mysql> TRUNCATE for_truncate;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
再插入一条数据，自增 id 在重新增长:
# 插入数据
mysql> INSERT INTO for_truncate (name) VALUES ('D');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM for_truncate;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | D |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 查看表结构，会有 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 项
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE for_truncate\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: for_truncate
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `for_truncate` (
`id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specified
5. 插入查询结果(insert into… select…)
语法：
INSERT INTO table_name [(column [, column ...])] SELECT ...
案例：
删除表中的的重复复记录，重复的数据只能有一份
mysql> CREATE TABLE duplicate_table (id int, name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO duplicate_table VALUES
-> (100, 'aaa'),
-> (100, 'aaa'),
-> (200, 'bbb'),
-> (200, 'bbb'),
-> (200, 'bbb'),
-> (300, 'ccc');
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
思路：
# 创建一张空表 no_duplicate_table，结构和 duplicate_table 一样
mysql> CREATE TABLE no_duplicate_table LIKE duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
# 将 duplicate_table 的去重数据插入到 no_duplicate_table
mysql> INSERT INTO no_duplicate_table SELECT DISTINCT * FROM duplicate_table;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
# 通过重命名表，实现原子的去重操作
mysql> RENAME TABLE duplicate_table TO old_duplicate_table,
-> no_duplicate_table TO duplicate_table;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
# 查看最终结果
mysql> SELECT * FROM duplicate_table;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 100 | aaa |
| 200 | bbb |
| 300 | ccc |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
6. 聚合函数
案例：
6.1 统计班级共有多少同学
# 使用 * 做统计，不受 NULL 影响
mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM students;
+----------+
| COUNT(*) |
+----------+
| 4 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
# 使用表达式做统计
mysql> SELECT COUNT(1) FROM students;
+----------+
| COUNT(1) |
+----------+
| 4 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.2 统计班级收集的 qq 号有多少
# NULL 不会计入结果
mysql> SELECT COUNT(qq) FROM students;
+-----------+
| COUNT(qq) |
+-----------+
| 1 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
6.3 统计本次考试的数学成绩分数个数
# 查看所有信息
mysql> SELECT * FROM exam_result;
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| id | name | chinese | math | english |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
| 1 | 唐三藏 | 134 | 98 | 56 |
| 3 | 猪悟能 | 176 | 98 | 90 |
| 4 | 曹孟德 | 140 | 90 | 67 |
| 5 | 刘玄德 | 110 | 115 | 45 |
| 6 | 孙权 | 140 | 73 | 78 |
| 7 | 宋公明 | 150 | 95 | 30 |
+----+-----------+---------+------+---------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# COUNT(math) 统计的是全部成绩
mysql> SELECT COUNT(math) FROM exam_result;
+-------------+
| COUNT(math) |
+-------------+
| 6 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# COUNT(DISTINCT math) 统计的是去重成绩数量
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT math) FROM exam_result;
+----------------------+
| COUNT(DISTINCT math) |
+----------------------+
| 5 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.4 统计数学成绩总分
mysql> SELECT SUM(math) FROM exam_result;
+-----------+
| SUM(math) |
+-----------+
| 569 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
# 不及格 < 60 的总分，没有结果，返回 NULL
mysql> SELECT SUM(math) FROM exam_result WHERE math < 60;
+-----------+
| SUM(math) |
+-----------+
| NULL |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.5 统计平均总分
mysql> SELECT AVG(chinese + math + english) 平均总分 FROM exam_result;
+--------------+
| 平均总分 |
+--------------+
| 297.5 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.6 返回英语最高分
mysql> SELECT MAX(english) FROM exam_result;
+--------------+
| MAX(english) |
+--------------+
| 90 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
6.7 返回 > 70 分以上的数学最低分
mysql> SELECT MIN(math) FROM exam_result WHERE math > 70;
+-----------+
| MIN(math) |
+-----------+
| 73 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
7. group by子句的使用
在 select 中使用 group by 子句可以对指定列进行分组查询
select column1, column2, .. from table group by column;
案例：
-
准备工作，创建一个雇员信息表（来自oracle 9i的经典测试表）
-
emp 员工表
-
dept 部门表
-
salgrade 工资等级表
-
-
如何显示每个部门的平均工资和最高工资
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal),max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+----------+
| deptno | avg(sal) | max(sal) |
+--------+-------------+----------+
| 20 | 2175.000000 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 | 2850.00 |
| 10 | 2916.666667 | 5000.00 |
+--------+-------------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示每个部门的每种岗位的平均工资和最低工资
mysql> select avg(sal),min(sal),job, deptno from emp group by deptno, job;
+-------------+----------+-----------+--------+
| avg(sal) | min(sal) | job | deptno |
+-------------+----------+-----------+--------+
| 950.000000 | 800.00 | CLERK | 20 |
| 1400.000000 | 1250.00 | SALESMAN | 30 |
| 2975.000000 | 2975.00 | MANAGER | 20 |
| 2850.000000 | 2850.00 | MANAGER | 30 |
| 2450.000000 | 2450.00 | MANAGER | 10 |
| 3000.000000 | 3000.00 | ANALYST | 20 |
| 5000.000000 | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT | 10 |
| 950.000000 | 950.00 | CLERK | 30 |
| 1300.000000 | 1300.00 | CLERK | 10 |
+-------------+----------+-----------+--------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示平均工资低于2000的部门和它的平均工资
mysql> select deptno, avg(sal) as 平均工资 from emp group by deptno having (平均工资<2000);
+--------+--------------+
| deptno | 平均工资 |
+--------+--------------+
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
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