例1：新添加一块硬盘，大小为5g，给这块硬盘分一个mbr格式的主分区（大小为3g），给此主分区创建ext2的文件系统，挂载到/guazai1目录，并写入文件内容为 "this is fist disk" 文件名为1.txt的文件。
[root@UpKer ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sr0 11:0 1 9.8G 0 rom /run/media/redhat/RHEL-9-3-0-BaseOS-x86_64
nvme0n1 259:0 0 20G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 600M 0 part /boot/efi
├─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p3 259:3 0 18.4G 0 part
├─rhel-root 253:0 0 16.4G 0 lvm /
└─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
nvme0n2 259:4 0 5G 0 disk
[root@UpKer ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 5 GiB, 5368709120 bytes, 10485760 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@UpKer ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xc1c80604.
Command (m for help): o
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x205e8b92.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-10485759, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-10485759, default 10485759): +3G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 3 GiB.
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@UpKer ~]# mkfs.ext2 /dev/nvme0n2p1
mke2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Creating filesystem with 786432 4k blocks and 196608 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 64d94593-f22e-40c0-ad5f-45aac8bdc165
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@UpKer ~]# mkdir /guazai1
[root@UpKer ~]# mount /dev/nvme0n2p1 /guazai1
[root@UpKer ~]# echo "this is first disk" | tee /guazai1/1.txt
this is first disk
[root@UpKer ~]# cat /guazai1/1.txt
this is first disk
[root@UpKer ~]# umount /guazai1例2：新添加一块硬盘，大小为10g，给这块硬盘分一个mbr格式的主分区（大小为4g），分一个扩展分区为（大小为5g），一个逻辑分区（大小为1g），给此主分区创建ext3的文件系统，挂载到/guazai2目录，并写入文件内容为 "The first primary partition on the second disk" 文件名为2.txt的文件，给此逻辑分区创建ext4的文件系统，挂载到/guazai3目录，并写入文件内容为 "Logical partition on the second disk " 文件名为3.txt的文件。
[root@UpKer ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 10G 0 disk
[root@UpKer ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@UpKer ~]# fdisk /sev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
fdisk: cannot open /sev/sda: No such file or directory
[root@UpKer ~]# o
bash: o: command not found...
[root@UpKer ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.4).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x54c98c06.
Command (m for help): o
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x78141994.
Command (m for help): o
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x816de9d3.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +5G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): N
N: unknown command
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (10487808-20971519, default 10487808):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (10487808-20971519, default 20971519):
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x816de9d3
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
Partition 1 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x816de9d3
Command (m for help): o
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x19c8d886.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x19c8d886
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +4G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 4 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x19c8d886
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 8390655 8388608 4G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (8390656-20971519, default 8390656):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (8390656-20971519, default 20971519): +4G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Extended' and of size 4 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x19c8d886
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 8390655 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 8390656 16779263 8388608 4G 5 Extended
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (8390656-20971519, default 8390656):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (8390656-20971519, default 20971519): +5G
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Extended' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x19c8d886
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 8390655 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 8390656 18876415 10485760 5G 5 Extended
Command (m for help): n
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 1 extended, 2 free)
l logical (numbered from 5)
Select (default p): l
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (8392704-18876415, default 8392704):
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (8392704-18876415, default 18876415): +1G
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 1 GiB.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x19c8d886
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 8390655 8388608 4G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 8390656 18876415 10485760 5G 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 8392704 10489855 2097152 1G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty DOS partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@UpKer ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1
mke2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Creating filesystem with 1048576 4k blocks and 262144 inodes
Filesystem UUID: ab2880e3-8933-4427-94ef-1c36849f2ef1
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@UpKer ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda5
mke2fs 1.46.5 (30-Dec-2021)
Creating filesystem with 262144 4k blocks and 65536 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 2317f42a-c0ce-41e8-b6e5-85bb4320f4ff
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (8192 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
[root@UpKer ~]# mount /dev/sda1 /guazai2
[root@UpKer ~]# echo "The first primary partition on the second disK" | tee /guazai2/2.txt
The first primary partition on the second disK
[root@UpKer ~]# mount /dev/sda5 /guazai3
[root@UpKer ~]# echo "Logical partition on the second disk" | tee /guazai3/3.txt
Logical partition on the second disk
[root@UpKer ~]# cat /guazai2/2.txt
The first primary partition on the second disK
[root@UpKer ~]# cat /guazai3/3.txt
Logical partition on the second disk
[root@UpKer ~]# umount /guazai2
[root@UpKer ~]# umount /guazai3例3：新添加一块硬盘，大小为15g，给这块硬盘分一个gpt格式的主分区（大小为6g），给此主分区创建xfs的文件系统，挂载到/guazai4目录，并写入文件内容为 "This is a partition formatted in GPT (GUID Partition Table) format." 文件名为4.txt 的文件
[root@UpKer ~]#
[root@UpKer ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 15G 0 disk
[root@UpKer ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual NVMe Disk
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: DBE29FFF-1385-432C-9E0B-A4A673BB7EE6
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1 2048 1230847 1228800 600M EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p2 1230848 3327999 2097152 1G Linux filesystem
/dev/nvme0n1p3 3328000 41940991 38612992 18.4G Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sda: 15 GiB, 16106127360 bytes, 31457280 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual I
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/rhel-root: 16.41 GiB, 17620271104 bytes, 34414592 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/rhel-swap: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@UpKer ~]#
[root@UpKer ~]# gdisk /dev/sad
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.7
Problem opening /dev/sad for reading! Error is 2.
The specified file does not exist!
[root@UpKer ~]# o
bash: o: command not found...
[root@UpKer ~]#
[root@UpKer ~]# gdisk /dev/sda
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.7
Partition table scan:
MBR: not present
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
Creating new GPT entries in memory.
Command (? for help): o
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-31457246, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-31457246, default = 31457246) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): d^Hp
Using 1
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 31457280 sectors, 15.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual I
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 4E91E6E0-9185-46FC-8E6F-F103819ACD51
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 31457246
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 31457213 sectors (15.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
Command (? for help): d
No partitions
Command (? for help): n
Partition number (1-128, default 1): 1
First sector (34-31457246, default = 2048) or {+-}size{KMGTP}:
Last sector (2048-31457246, default = 31457246) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: +6GB
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 31457280 sectors, 15.0 GiB
Model: VMware Virtual I
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 4E91E6E0-9185-46FC-8E6F-F103819ACD51
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 31457246
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 18874301 sectors (9.0 GiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 12584959 6.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
Command (? for help): t
Using 1
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 1\^H
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): t
Using 1
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300):
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): t
Using 1
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 1
Exact type match not found for type code 0001; assigning type code for
'Linux filesystem'
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): 8300
b back up GPT data to a file
c change a partition's name
d delete a partition
i show detailed information on a partition
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
o create a new empty GUID partition table (GPT)
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
r recovery and transformation options (experts only)
s sort partitions
t change a partition's type code
v verify disk
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
? print this menu
Command (? for help): t
Using 1
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): 8300
Changed type of partition to 'Linux filesystem'
Command (? for help): w
Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): y
OK; writing new GUID partition table (GPT) to /dev/sda.
The operation has completed successfully.
[root@UpKer ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sda
mkfs.xfs: /dev/sda appears to contain a partition table (gpt).
mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.
[root@UpKer ~]# mkdir /guazai4
[root@UpKer ~]# mount /dev/sda /guazai4
mount: /guazai4: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sda, missing codepage or helper program, or other error.
[root@UpKer ~]# echo "This is a partition formatted in GPT (GUID Partition Table) format." | tee /guazai4/4.txt
This is a partition formatted in GPT (GUID Partition Table) format.
[root@UpKer ~]# cat /guazai4/4.txt
This is a partition formatted in GPT (GUID Partition Table) format.
[root@UpKer ~]# umount /guazai4
umount: /guazai4: not mounted.
[root@UpKer ~]# 
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