| 123 | 4.9 | 1.8 | 2 |
| 124 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 2 |
| 125 | 6.0 | 1.8 | 2 |
| 126 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 2 |
| 127 | 4.9 | 1.8 | 2 |
| 128 | 5.6 | 2.1 | 2 |
| 129 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 2 |
| 130 | 6.1 | 1.9 | 2 |
| 131 | 6.4 | 2.0 | 2 |
| 132 | 5.6 | 2.2 | 2 |
| 133 | 5.1 | 1.5 | 2 |
| 134 | 5.6 | 1.4 | 2 |
| 135 | 6.1 | 2.3 | 2 |
| 136 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 2 |
| 137 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 2 |
| 138 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 2 |
| 139 | 5.4 | 2.1 | 2 |
| 140 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 2 |
| 141 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 2 |
| 142 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 2 |
| 143 | 5.9 | 2.3 | 2 |
| 144 | 5.7 | 2.5 | 2 |
| 145 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 2 |
| 146 | 5.0 | 1.9 | 2 |
| 147 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 2 |
| 148 | 5.4 | 2.3 | 2 |
| 149 | 5.1 | 1.8 | 2 |
150 rows × 3 columns
【5】数据集的标准化（本数据集特征比较接近，实际处理过程中未标准化）
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
import pandas as pd
trans = StandardScaler()
_iris_simple = trans.fit_transform(iris_simple[["petal\_length", "petal\_width"]])
_iris_simple = pd.DataFrame(_iris_simple, columns = ["petal\_length", "petal\_width"])
_iris_simple.describe()
| petal_length | petal_width | |
|---|---|---|
| count | 1.500000e+02 | 1.500000e+02 |
| mean | -8.652338e-16 | -4.662937e-16 |
| std | 1.003350e+00 | 1.003350e+00 |
| min | -1.567576e+00 | -1.447076e+00 |
| 25% | -1.226552e+00 | -1.183812e+00 |
| 50% | 3.364776e-01 | 1.325097e-01 |
| 75% | 7.627583e-01 | 7.906707e-01 |
| max | 1.785832e+00 | 1.712096e+00 |
【6】构建训练集和测试集（本课暂不考虑验证集）
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
train_set, test_set = train_test_split(iris_simple, test_size=0.2) # 20%的数据作为测试集
test_set.head()
| petal_length | petal_width | species | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 111 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 2 |
| 24 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 5 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 92 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 1 |
iris_x_train = train_set[["petal\_length", "petal\_width"]]
iris_x_train.head()
| petal_length | petal_width | |
|---|---|---|
| 63 | 4.7 | 1.4 |
| 93 | 3.3 | 1.0 |
| 34 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
| 35 | 1.2 | 0.2 |
| 126 | 4.8 | 1.8 |
iris_y_train = train_set["species"].copy()
iris_y_train.head()
63 1
93 1
34 0
35 0
126 2
Name: species, dtype: int32
iris_x_test = test_set[["petal\_length", "petal\_width"]]
iris_x_test.head()
| petal_length | petal_width | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
| 111 | 5.3 | 1.9 |
| 24 | 1.9 | 0.2 |
| 5 | 1.7 | 0.4 |
| 92 | 4.0 | 1.2 |
iris_y_test = test_set["species"].copy()
iris_y_test.head()
3 0
111 2
24 0
5 0
92 1
Name: species, dtype: int32
13.1 k近邻算法
【1】基本思想
与待预测点最近的训练数据集中的k个邻居
把k个近邻中最常见的类别预测为带预测点的类别
【2】sklearn实现
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
- 构建分类器对象
clf = KNeighborsClassifier()
clf
KNeighborsClassifier(algorithm='auto', leaf_size=30, metric='minkowski',
metric_params=None, n_jobs=None, n_neighbors=5, p=2,
weights='uniform')
- 训练
clf.fit(iris_x_train, iris_y_train)
KNeighborsClassifier(algorithm='auto', leaf_size=30, metric='minkowski',
metric_params=None, n_jobs=None, n_neighbors=5, p=2,
weights='uniform')
- 预测
res = clf.predict(iris_x_test)
print(res)
print(iris_y_test.values)
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
- 翻转
encoder.inverse_transform(res)
array(['setosa', 'virginica', 'setosa', 'setosa', 'versicolor',
'versicolor', 'setosa', 'virginica', 'versicolor', 'virginica',
'versicolor', 'virginica', 'virginica', 'virginica', 'versicolor',
'setosa', 'setosa', 'setosa', 'versicolor', 'setosa', 'virginica',
'setosa', 'virginica', 'versicolor', 'setosa', 'versicolor',
'setosa', 'setosa', 'versicolor', 'versicolor'], dtype=object)
- 评估
accuracy = clf.score(iris_x_test, iris_y_test)
print("预测正确率:{:.0%}".format(accuracy))
预测正确率:97%
- 存储数据
out = iris_x_test.copy()
out["y"] = iris_y_test
out["pre"] = res
out
| petal_length | petal_width | y | pre | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 111 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 2 | 2 |
| 24 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| 92 | 4.0 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 |
| 57 | 3.3 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 112 | 5.5 | 2.1 | 2 | 2 |
| 106 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 2 | 1 |
| 136 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 2 | 2 |
| 80 | 3.8 | 1.1 | 1 | 1 |
| 131 | 6.4 | 2.0 | 2 | 2 |
| 147 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 2 | 2 |
| 113 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 2 | 2 |
| 84 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 1 | 1 |
| 39 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 40 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| 17 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| 56 | 4.7 | 1.6 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 100 | 6.0 | 2.5 | 2 | 2 |
| 42 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| 144 | 5.7 | 2.5 | 2 | 2 |
| 79 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 |
| 19 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| 75 | 4.4 | 1.4 | 1 | 1 |
| 44 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
| 37 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
| 64 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 1 | 1 |
| 90 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 1 | 1 |
out.to_csv("iris\_predict.csv")
【3】可视化
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def draw(clf):
# 网格化
M, N = 500, 500
x1_min, x2_min = iris_simple[["petal\_length", "petal\_width"]].min(axis=0)
x1_max, x2_max = iris_simple[["petal\_length", "petal\_width"]].max(axis=0)
t1 = np.linspace(x1_min, x1_max, M)
t2 = np.linspace(x2_min, x2_max, N)
x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(t1, t2)
# 预测
x_show = np.stack((x1.flat, x2.flat), axis=1)
y_predict = clf.predict(x_show)
# 配色
cm_light = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(["#A0FFA0", "#FFA0A0", "#A0A0FF"])
cm_dark = mpl.colors.ListedColormap(["g", "r", "b"])
# 绘制预测区域图
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
plt.pcolormesh(t1, t2, y_predict.reshape(x1.shape), cmap=cm_light)
# 绘制原始数据点
plt.scatter(iris_simple["petal\_length"], iris_simple["petal\_width"], label=None,
c=iris_simple["species"], cmap=cm_dark, marker='o', edgecolors='k')
plt.xlabel("petal\_length")
plt.ylabel("petal\_width")
# 绘制图例
color = ["g", "r", "b"]
species = ["setosa", "virginica", "versicolor"]
for i in range(3):
plt.scatter([], [], c=color[i], s=40, label=species[i]) # 利用空点绘制图例
plt.legend(loc="best")
plt.title('iris\_classfier')
draw(clf)
13.2 朴素贝叶斯算法
【1】基本思想
当X=(x1, x2)发生的时候，哪一个yk发生的概率最大
【2】sklearn实现
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
- 构建分类器对象
clf = GaussianNB()
clf
- 训练
clf.fit(iris_x_train, iris_y_train)
- 预测
res = clf.predict(iris_x_test)
print(res)
print(iris_y_test.values)
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
- 评估
accuracy = clf.score(iris_x_test, iris_y_test)
print("预测正确率:{:.0%}".format(accuracy))
预测正确率:97%
- 可视化
draw(clf)
13.3 决策树算法
【1】基本思想
CART算法：每次通过一个特征，将数据尽可能的分为纯净的两类，递归的分下去
【2】sklearn实现
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
- 构建分类器对象
clf = DecisionTreeClassifier()
clf
DecisionTreeClassifier(class_weight=None, criterion='gini', max_depth=None,
max_features=None, max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,
min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, presort=False,
random_state=None, splitter='best')
- 训练
clf.fit(iris_x_train, iris_y_train)
DecisionTreeClassifier(class_weight=None, criterion='gini', max_depth=None,
max_features=None, max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,
min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, presort=False,
random_state=None, splitter='best')
- 预测
res = clf.predict(iris_x_test)
print(res)
print(iris_y_test.values)
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
- 评估
accuracy = clf.score(iris_x_test, iris_y_test)
print("预测正确率:{:.0%}".format(accuracy))
预测正确率:97%
- 可视化
draw(clf)
13.4 逻辑回归算法
【1】基本思想
一种解释：
训练：通过一个映射方式，将特征X=（x1, x2） 映射成 P(y=ck), 求使得所有概率之积最大化的映射方式里的参数
预测：计算p(y=ck) 取概率最大的那个类别作为预测对象的分类
【2】sklearn实现
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
- 构建分类器对象
clf = LogisticRegression(solver='saga', max_iter=1000)
clf
LogisticRegression(C=1.0, class_weight=None, dual=False, fit_intercept=True,
intercept_scaling=1, l1_ratio=None, max_iter=1000,
multi_class='warn', n_jobs=None, penalty='l2',
random_state=None, solver='saga', tol=0.0001, verbose=0,
warm_start=False)
- 训练
clf.fit(iris_x_train, iris_y_train)
C:\Users\ibm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\linear_model\logistic.py:469: FutureWarning: Default multi_class will be changed to 'auto' in 0.22. Specify the multi_class option to silence this warning.
"this warning.", FutureWarning)
LogisticRegression(C=1.0, class_weight=None, dual=False, fit_intercept=True,
intercept_scaling=1, l1_ratio=None, max_iter=1000,
multi_class='warn', n_jobs=None, penalty='l2',
random_state=None, solver='saga', tol=0.0001, verbose=0,
warm_start=False)
- 预测
res = clf.predict(iris_x_test)
print(res)
print(iris_y_test.values)
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
- 评估
accuracy = clf.score(iris_x_test, iris_y_test)
print("预测正确率:{:.0%}".format(accuracy))
预测正确率:97%
- 可视化
draw(clf)
13.5 支持向量机算法
【1】基本思想
以二分类为例，假设数据可用完全分开：
用一个超平面将两类数据完全分开，且最近点到平面的距离最大
【2】sklearn实现
from sklearn.svm import SVC
- 构建分类器对象
clf = SVC()
clf
SVC(C=1.0, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, coef0=0.0,
decision_function_shape='ovr', degree=3, gamma='auto_deprecated',
kernel='rbf', max_iter=-1, probability=False, random_state=None,
shrinking=True, tol=0.001, verbose=False)
- 训练
clf.fit(iris_x_train, iris_y_train)
C:\Users\ibm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\svm\base.py:193: FutureWarning: The default value of gamma will change from 'auto' to 'scale' in version 0.22 to account better for unscaled features. Set gamma explicitly to 'auto' or 'scale' to avoid this warning.
"avoid this warning.", FutureWarning)
SVC(C=1.0, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, coef0=0.0,
decision_function_shape='ovr', degree=3, gamma='auto_deprecated',
kernel='rbf', max_iter=-1, probability=False, random_state=None,
shrinking=True, tol=0.001, verbose=False)
- 预测
res = clf.predict(iris_x_test)
print(res)
print(iris_y_test.values)
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
[0 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1]
- 评估
accuracy = clf.score(iris_x_test, iris_y_test)
print("预测正确率:{:.0%}".format(accuracy))
预测正确率:97%
- 可视化
draw(clf)
13.6 集成方法——随机森林
【1】基本思想
训练集m，有放回的随机抽取m个数据，构成一组，共抽取n组采样集
n组采样集训练得到n个弱分类器 弱分类器一般用决策树或神经网络
将n个弱分类器进行组合得到强分类器
【2】sklearn实现
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
- 构建分类器对象
clf = RandomForestClassifier()
clf
RandomForestClassifier(bootstrap=True, class_weight=None, criterion='gini',
max_depth=None, max_features='auto', max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,
min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, n_estimators='warn',
n_jobs=None, oob_score=False, random_state=None,
verbose=0, warm_start=False)
- 训练
clf.fit(iris_x_train, iris_y_train)
C:\Users\ibm\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\sklearn\ensemble\forest.py:245: FutureWarning: The default value of n_estimators will change from 10 in version 0.20 to 100 in 0.22.
"10 in version 0.20 to 100 in 0.22.", FutureWarning)
RandomForestClassifier(bootstrap=True, class_weight=None, criterion='gini',
max_depth=None, max_features='auto', max_leaf_nodes=None,
min_impurity_decrease=0.0, min_impurity_split=None,
min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,
min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0, n_estimators=10,
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RandomForestClassifier(bootstrap=True, class_weight=None, criterion='gini',
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min_samples_leaf=1, min_samples_split=2,
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[外链图片转存中...(img-FfCVzH8u-1714417950844)]
[外链图片转存中...(img-Ore4D1bg-1714417950844)]
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