import seaborn as sns
import warnings; warnings.filterwarnings(action=‘once’)
large = 22; med = 16; small = 12
params = {‘axes.titlesize’: large,
‘legend.fontsize’: med,
‘figure.figsize’: (16, 10),
‘axes.labelsize’: med,
‘axes.titlesize’: med,
‘xtick.labelsize’: med,
‘ytick.labelsize’: med,
‘figure.titlesize’: large}
plt.rcParams.update(params)
plt.style.use(‘seaborn-whitegrid’)
sns.set_style(“white”)
%matplotlib inline
mac font
plt.rcParams[‘font.sans-serif’] = [‘Arial Unicode MS’]
windows font
plt.rcParams[‘font.sans-serif’] = [‘SimHei’]
Version
print(mpl.version) #> 3.0.0
print(sns.version) #> 0.9.0
相关下的图用于可视化两个或多个变量之间的关系。即，一个变量相对于另一个如何变化。
1.1 散点图
Scatteplot是用于研究两个变量之间关系的经典基础图。如果数据中有多个组，则可能需要以不同的颜色可视化每个组。在中matplotlib，您可以使用方便地执行此操作
Import dataset
midwest = pd.read_csv(“data/midwest_filter.csv”)
Prepare Data
Create as many colors as there are unique midwest[‘category’]
categories = np.unique(midwest[‘category’])
colors = [plt.cm.tab10(i/float(len(categories)-1)) for i in range(len(categories))]
print(colors)
Draw Plot for Each Category
plt.figure(figsize=(16, 10), dpi= 80, facecolor=‘w’, edgecolor=‘k’)
for i, category in enumerate(categories):
plt.scatter(‘area’, ‘poptotal’,
data=midwest.loc[midwest.category==category, :],
s=30, c=colors[i], label=str(category))
Decorations
plt.gca().set(xlim=(0.0, 0.1), ylim=(0, 90000),
xlabel=‘面积’, ylabel=‘人口’)
plt.xticks(fontsize=16); plt.yticks(fontsize=16)
plt.title(“散点图：中西部城市面积与人口的关系”, fontsize=22)
plt.legend(fontsize=12)
plt.show()
1.2 气泡图
有时想在边界内显示一组点以强调其重要性。在此示例中，您从应该环绕的数据框中获取记录，并将其传递给下面的代码中所述
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from matplotlib import patches
from scipy.spatial import ConvexHull
import warnings; warnings.simplefilter(‘ignore’)
sns.set_style(“white”)
plt.rcParams[‘font.sans-serif’] = [‘Arial Unicode MS’]
Step 1: Prepare Data
midwest = pd.read_csv(“data/midwest_filter.csv”)
As many colors as there are unique midwest[‘category’]
categories = np.unique(midwest[‘category’])
colors = [plt.cm.tab10(i/float(len(categories)-1)) for i in range(len(categories))]
Step 2: Draw Scatterplot with unique color for each category
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 10), dpi= 80, facecolor=‘w’, edgecolor=‘k’)
for i, category in enumerate(categories):
plt.scatter(‘area’, ‘poptotal’, data=midwest.loc[midwest.category==category, :], s=‘dot_size’, c=colors[i], label=str(category), edgecolors=‘black’, linewidths=.5)
Step 3: Encircling
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44575681/how-do-i-encircle-different-data-sets-in-scatter-plot
def encircle(x,y, ax=None, **kw):
if not ax: ax=plt.gca()
p = np.c_[x,y]
hull = ConvexHull§
poly = plt.Polygon(p[hull.vertices,:], **kw)
ax.add_patch(poly)
Select data to be encircled
midwest_encircle_data = midwest.loc[midwest.state==‘IN’, :]
Draw polygon surrounding vertices
encircle(midwest_encircle_data.area, midwest_encircle_data.poptotal, ec=“k”, fc=“gold”, alpha=0.1)
encircle(midwest_encircle_data.area, midwest_encircle_data.poptotal, ec=“firebrick”, fc=“none”, linewidth=1.5)
Step 4: Decorations
plt.gca().set(xlim=(0.0, 0.1), ylim=(0, 90000),
xlabel=‘面积’, ylabel=‘人口’)
plt.xticks(fontsize=12); plt.yticks(fontsize=12)
plt.title(“气泡图”, fontsize=22)
plt.legend(fontsize=12)
plt.show()
1.3 散点图与最佳拟合线
如果您想了解两个变量如何相对变化，则最好的方法就是拟合
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df_select = df.loc[df.cyl.isin([4,8]), :]
Plot
sns.set_style(“white”)
gridobj = sns.lmplot(x=“displ”, y=“hwy”, hue=“cyl”, data=df_select,
height=7, aspect=1.6, robust=True, palette=‘tab10’,
scatter_kws=dict(s=60, linewidths=.7, edgecolors=‘black’))
Decorations
gridobj.set(xlim=(0.5, 7.5), ylim=(0, 50))
plt.title(“Scastterplot with line of best fit grouped by number of cylinders”, fontsize=20)
plt.show()
1.4 带状抖动图
通常，多个数据点具有完全相同的X和Y值。结果，多个点相互绘制并隐藏。为避免这种情况，请稍微抖动点，以便您可以直观地看到它们
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Draw Stripplot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
sns.stripplot(df.cty, df.hwy, jitter=0.25, size=8, ax=ax, linewidth=.5)
Decorations
plt.title(‘Use jittered plots to avoid overlapping of points’, fontsize=22)
plt.show()
1.5 计数图
避免点重叠问题的另一种选择是增加点的大小，具体取决于该点上有多少点。因此，点的大小越大，周围的点的集中度就越大。
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Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df_counts = df.groupby([‘hwy’, ‘cty’]).size().reset_index(name=‘counts’)
Draw Stripplot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
sns.stripplot(df_counts.cty, df_counts.hwy, size=df_counts.counts*2, ax=ax)
Decorations
plt.title(‘Counts Plot - Size of circle is bigger as more points overlap’, fontsize=22)
plt.show()
1.6 边际直方图
边际直方图沿X和Y轴变量具有直方图。这用于可视化X和Y之间的关系以及X和Y的单变量分布。如果经常在探索性数据分析（EDA）中使用此图。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Create Fig and gridspec
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 10), dpi= 80)
grid = plt.GridSpec(4, 4, hspace=0.5, wspace=0.2)
Define the axes
ax_main = fig.add_subplot(grid[:-1, :-1])
ax_right = fig.add_subplot(grid[:-1, -1], xticklabels=[], yticklabels=[])
ax_bottom = fig.add_subplot(grid[-1, 0:-1], xticklabels=[], yticklabels=[])
Scatterplot on main ax
ax_main.scatter(‘displ’, ‘hwy’, s=df.cty*4, c=df.manufacturer.astype(‘category’).cat.codes, alpha=.9, data=df, cmap=“tab10”, edgecolors=‘gray’, linewidths=.5)
histogram on the right
ax_bottom.hist(df.displ, 40, histtype=‘stepfilled’, orientation=‘vertical’, color=‘deeppink’)
ax_bottom.invert_yaxis()
histogram in the bottom
ax_right.hist(df.hwy, 40, histtype=‘stepfilled’, orientation=‘horizontal’, color=‘deeppink’)
Decorations
ax_main.set(title=‘Scatterplot with Histograms \n displ vs hwy’, xlabel=‘displ’, ylabel=‘hwy’)
ax_main.title.set_fontsize(20)
for item in ([ax_main.xaxis.label, ax_main.yaxis.label] + ax_main.get_xticklabels() + ax_main.get_yticklabels()):
item.set_fontsize(14)
xlabels = ax_main.get_xticks().tolist()
ax_main.set_xticklabels(xlabels)
plt.show()
1.7 边际箱型图
边际箱线图的作用类似于边际直方图。但是，箱形图有助于查明X和Y的中位数，第25和第75个百分位数
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Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Create Fig and gridspec
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16, 10), dpi= 80)
grid = plt.GridSpec(4, 4, hspace=0.5, wspace=0.2)
Define the axes
ax_main = fig.add_subplot(grid[:-1, :-1])
ax_right = fig.add_subplot(grid[:-1, -1], xticklabels=[], yticklabels=[])
ax_bottom = fig.add_subplot(grid[-1, 0:-1], xticklabels=[], yticklabels=[])
Scatterplot on main ax
ax_main.scatter(‘displ’, ‘hwy’, s=df.cty*5, c=df.manufacturer.astype(‘category’).cat.codes, alpha=.9, data=df, cmap=“Set1”, edgecolors=‘black’, linewidths=.5)
Add a graph in each part
sns.boxplot(df.hwy, ax=ax_right, orient=“v”)
sns.boxplot(df.displ, ax=ax_bottom, orient=“h”)
Decorations ------------------
Remove x axis name for the boxplot
ax_bottom.set(xlabel=‘’)
ax_right.set(ylabel=‘’)
Main Title, Xlabel and YLabel
ax_main.set(title=‘Scatterplot with Histograms \n displ vs hwy’, xlabel=‘displ’, ylabel=‘hwy’)
Set font size of different components
ax_main.title.set_fontsize(20)
for item in ([ax_main.xaxis.label, ax_main.yaxis.label] + ax_main.get_xticklabels() + ax_main.get_yticklabels()):
item.set_fontsize(14)
plt.show()
1.8 相关图
关联图用于直观地查看给定数据帧（或2D数组）中所有可能的数字变量对之间的相关性度量。
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Import Dataset
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mtcars.csv”)
Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(12,10), dpi= 80)
sns.heatmap(df.corr(), xticklabels=df.corr().columns, yticklabels=df.corr().columns, cmap=‘RdYlGn’, center=0, annot=True)
Decorations
plt.title(‘Correlogram of mtcars’, fontsize=22)
plt.xticks(fontsize=12)
plt.yticks(fontsize=12)
plt.show()
1.9 成对图
在理解分析中所有可能的数字变量对之间的关系时，成对绘图是最喜欢的。它是用于双变量分析的必备工具
Load Dataset
df = sns.load_dataset(‘iris’)
Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(10,8), dpi= 80)
sns.pairplot(df, kind=“scatter”, hue=“species”, plot_kws=dict(s=80, edgecolor=“white”, linewidth=2.5))
plt.show()
Load Dataset
df = sns.load_dataset(‘iris’)
Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(10,8), dpi= 80)
sns.pairplot(df, kind=“reg”, hue=“species”)
plt.show()
2.1 发散型条形图
如果要查看项目基于单个度量标准的变化方式并可视化此变化的顺序和数量，则分叉条是一个很好的工具。它有助于快速区分数据中组的性能，并且非常直观，可以立即传达要点。
Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = [‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘green’ for x in df[‘mpg_z’]]
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
plt.figure(figsize=(14,10), dpi= 80)
plt.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=df.mpg_z, color=df.colors, alpha=0.4, linewidth=5)
Decorations
plt.gca().set(ylabel=‘ M o d e l Model Model’, xlabel=‘ M i l e a g e Mileage Mileage’)
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars, fontsize=12)
plt.title(‘Diverging Bars of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
2.2 发散型文本
分隔文本类似于分隔条，如果您希望以一种美观和可表达的方式显示图表中每个项目的值，则首选文本。
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Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = [‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘green’ for x in df[‘mpg_z’]]
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
plt.figure(figsize=(14,14), dpi= 80)
plt.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=df.mpg_z)
for x, y, tex in zip(df.mpg_z, df.index, df.mpg_z):
t = plt.text(x, y, round(tex, 2), horizontalalignment=‘right’ if x < 0 else ‘left’,
verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘color’:‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘green’, ‘size’:14})
Decorations
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars, fontsize=12)
plt.title(‘Diverging Text Bars of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.xlim(-2.5, 2.5)
plt.show()
2.3 发散型散点图
发散点图也类似于发散条。但是，与散布条相比，条的不存在会降低组之间的对比度和差异。
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Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = [‘red’ if x < 0 else ‘darkgreen’ for x in df[‘mpg_z’]]
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
plt.figure(figsize=(14,16), dpi= 80)
plt.scatter(df.mpg_z, df.index, s=450, alpha=.6, color=df.colors)
for x, y, tex in zip(df.mpg_z, df.index, df.mpg_z):
t = plt.text(x, y, round(tex, 1), horizontalalignment=‘center’,
verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘color’:‘white’})
Decorations
Lighten borders
plt.gca().spines[“top”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.gca().spines[“bottom”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.gca().spines[“right”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.gca().spines[“left”].set_alpha(.3)
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars)
plt.title(‘Diverging Dotplot of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.xlabel(‘ M i l e a g e Mileage Mileage’)
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.xlim(-2.5, 2.5)
plt.show()
2.4 带有标记棒棒糖图
带有标记的棒棒糖提供了一种灵活的方式来可视化差异，方法是将重点放在您要引起注意的重要数据点上，并在图表中适当地进行推理。
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Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mtcars.csv”)
x = df.loc[:, [‘mpg’]]
df[‘mpg_z’] = (x - x.mean())/x.std()
df[‘colors’] = ‘black’
color fiat differently
df.loc[df.cars == ‘Fiat X1-9’, ‘colors’] = ‘darkorange’
df.sort_values(‘mpg_z’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
import matplotlib.patches as patches
plt.figure(figsize=(14,16), dpi= 80)
plt.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=0, xmax=df.mpg_z, color=df.colors, alpha=0.4, linewidth=1)
plt.scatter(df.mpg_z, df.index, color=df.colors, s=[600 if x == ‘Fiat X1-9’ else 300 for x in df.cars], alpha=0.6)
plt.yticks(df.index, df.cars)
plt.xticks(fontsize=12)
Annotate
plt.annotate(‘Mercedes Models’, xy=(0.0, 11.0), xytext=(1.0, 11), xycoords=‘data’,
fontsize=15, ha=‘center’, va=‘center’,
bbox=dict(boxstyle=‘square’, fc=‘firebrick’),
arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle=‘-[, widthB=2.0, lengthB=1.5’, lw=2.0, color=‘steelblue’), color=‘white’)
Add Patches
p1 = patches.Rectangle((-2.0, -1), width=.3, height=3, alpha=.2, facecolor=‘red’)
p2 = patches.Rectangle((1.5, 27), width=.8, height=5, alpha=.2, facecolor=‘green’)
plt.gca().add_patch(p1)
plt.gca().add_patch(p2)
Decorate
plt.title(‘Diverging Bars of Car Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:20})
plt.grid(linestyle=‘–’, alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
2.5 面积图
通过为轴和线之间的区域着色，面积图不仅将重点放在峰和谷上，而且还将重点放在高点和低点的持续时间上。高点持续时间越长，线下面积越大
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
Prepare Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/economics.csv”, parse_dates=[‘date’]).head(100)
x = np.arange(df.shape[0])
y_returns = (df.psavert.diff().fillna(0)/df.psavert.shift(1)).fillna(0) * 100
Plot
plt.figure(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
plt.fill_between(x[1:], y_returns[1:], 0, where=y_returns[1:] >= 0, facecolor=‘green’, interpolate=True, alpha=0.7)
plt.fill_between(x[1:], y_returns[1:], 0, where=y_returns[1:] <= 0, facecolor=‘red’, interpolate=True, alpha=0.7)
Annotate
plt.annotate(‘Peak \n1975’, xy=(94.0, 21.0), xytext=(88.0, 28),
bbox=dict(boxstyle=‘square’, fc=‘firebrick’),
arrowprops=dict(facecolor=‘steelblue’, shrink=0.05), fontsize=15, color=‘white’)
Decorations
xtickvals = [str(m)[:3].upper()+“-”+str(y) for y,m in zip(df.date.dt.year, df.date.dt.month_name())]
plt.gca().set_xticks(x[::6])
plt.gca().set_xticklabels(xtickvals[::6], rotation=90, fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘center’, ‘verticalalignment’: ‘center_baseline’})
plt.ylim(-35,35)
plt.xlim(1,100)
plt.title(“Month Economics Return %”, fontsize=22)
plt.ylabel(‘Monthly returns %’)
plt.grid(alpha=0.5)
plt.show()
3.1 有序条形图
有序条形图有效地传达了项目的排名顺序。但是，将指标的值加到图表上方，用户可以从图表本身获取准确的信息。
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Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
import matplotlib.patches as patches
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), facecolor=‘white’, dpi= 80)
ax.vlines(x=df.index, ymin=0, ymax=df.cty, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=20)
Annotate Text
for i, cty in enumerate(df.cty):
ax.text(i, cty+0.5, round(cty, 1), horizontalalignment=‘center’)
Title, Label, Ticks and Ylim
ax.set_title(‘Bar Chart for Highway Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set(ylabel=‘Miles Per Gallon’, ylim=(0, 30))
plt.xticks(df.index, df.manufacturer.str.upper(), rotation=60, horizontalalignment=‘right’, fontsize=12)
Add patches to color the X axis labels
p1 = patches.Rectangle((.57, -0.005), width=.33, height=.13, alpha=.1, facecolor=‘green’, transform=fig.transFigure)
p2 = patches.Rectangle((.124, -0.005), width=.446, height=.13, alpha=.1, facecolor=‘red’, transform=fig.transFigure)
fig.add_artist(p1)
fig.add_artist(p2)
plt.show()
3.2 棒棒糖图
棒棒糖图表在视觉上令人愉悦，其功能与订购条形图相似。
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Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
ax.vlines(x=df.index, ymin=0, ymax=df.cty, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=2)
ax.scatter(x=df.index, y=df.cty, s=75, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7)
Title, Label, Ticks and Ylim
ax.set_title(‘Lollipop Chart for Highway Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set_ylabel(‘Miles Per Gallon’)
ax.set_xticks(df.index)
ax.set_xticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.upper(), rotation=60, fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘right’, ‘size’:12})
ax.set_ylim(0, 30)
Annotate
for row in df.itertuples():
ax.text(row.Index, row.cty+.5, s=round(row.cty, 2), horizontalalignment= ‘center’, verticalalignment=‘bottom’, fontsize=14)
plt.show()
3.3 点图
点状图传达了项目的等级顺序。并且由于它是沿水平轴对齐的，因此您可以更轻松地可视化这些点之间的距离。
Prepare Data
df_raw = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
df = df_raw[[‘cty’, ‘manufacturer’]].groupby(‘manufacturer’).apply(lambda x: x.mean())
df.sort_values(‘cty’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Draw plot
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(16,10), dpi= 80)
ax.hlines(y=df.index, xmin=11, xmax=26, color=‘gray’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dashdot’)
ax.scatter(y=df.index, x=df.cty, s=75, color=‘firebrick’, alpha=0.7)
Title, Label, Ticks and Ylim
ax.set_title(‘Dot Plot for Highway Mileage’, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set_xlabel(‘Miles Per Gallon’)
ax.set_yticks(df.index)
ax.set_yticklabels(df.manufacturer.str.title(), fontdict={‘horizontalalignment’: ‘right’})
ax.set_xlim(10, 27)
plt.show()
3.4 坡度图
斜率图最适合比较给定人员/项目的“之前”和“之后”位置。
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import matplotlib.lines as mlines
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/gdppercap.csv”)
left_label = [str© + ', '+ str(round(y)) for c, y in zip(df.continent, df[‘1952’])]
right_label = [str© + ', '+ str(round(y)) for c, y in zip(df.continent, df[‘1957’])]
klass = [‘red’ if (y1-y2) < 0 else ‘green’ for y1, y2 in zip(df[‘1952’], df[‘1957’])]
draw line
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36470343/how-to-draw-a-line-with-matplotlib/36479941
def newline(p1, p2, color=‘black’):
ax = plt.gca()
l = mlines.Line2D([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], color=‘red’ if p1[1]-p2[1] > 0 else ‘green’, marker=‘o’, markersize=6)
ax.add_line(l)
return l
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(14,14), dpi= 80)
Vertical Lines
ax.vlines(x=1, ymin=500, ymax=13000, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=3, ymin=500, ymax=13000, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
Points
ax.scatter(y=df[‘1952’], x=np.repeat(1, df.shape[0]), s=10, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7)
ax.scatter(y=df[‘1957’], x=np.repeat(3, df.shape[0]), s=10, color=‘black’, alpha=0.7)
Line Segmentsand Annotation
for p1, p2, c in zip(df[‘1952’], df[‘1957’], df[‘continent’]):
newline([1,p1], [3,p2])
ax.text(1-0.05, p1, c + ', ’ + str(round(p1)), horizontalalignment=‘right’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:14})
ax.text(3+0.05, p2, c + ', ’ + str(round(p2)), horizontalalignment=‘left’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:14})
‘Before’ and ‘After’ Annotations
ax.text(1-0.05, 13000, ‘BEFORE’, horizontalalignment=‘right’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:18, ‘weight’:700})
ax.text(3+0.05, 13000, ‘AFTER’, horizontalalignment=‘left’, verticalalignment=‘center’, fontdict={‘size’:18, ‘weight’:700})
Decoration
ax.set_title(“Slopechart: Comparing GDP Per Capita between 1952 vs 1957”, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set(xlim=(0,4), ylim=(0,14000), ylabel=‘Mean GDP Per Capita’)
ax.set_xticks([1,3])
ax.set_xticklabels([“1952”, “1957”])
plt.yticks(np.arange(500, 13000, 2000), fontsize=12)
Lighten borders
plt.gca().spines[“top”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.gca().spines[“bottom”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.gca().spines[“right”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.gca().spines[“left”].set_alpha(.0)
plt.show()
3.5 哑铃图
哑铃图传达了各个项目的“之前”和“之后”位置以及这些项目的排名顺序。如果您想可视化特定项目/计划对不同对象的效果，则它非常有用。
import matplotlib.lines as mlines
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/health.csv”)
df.sort_values(‘pct_2014’, inplace=True)
df.reset_index(inplace=True)
Func to draw line segment
def newline(p1, p2, color=‘black’):
ax = plt.gca()
l = mlines.Line2D([p1[0],p2[0]], [p1[1],p2[1]], color=‘skyblue’)
ax.add_line(l)
return l
Figure and Axes
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1,1,figsize=(14,14), facecolor=‘#f7f7f7’, dpi= 80)
Vertical Lines
ax.vlines(x=.05, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=.10, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=.15, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
ax.vlines(x=.20, ymin=0, ymax=26, color=‘black’, alpha=1, linewidth=1, linestyles=‘dotted’)
Points
ax.scatter(y=df[‘index’], x=df[‘pct_2013’], s=50, color=‘#0e668b’, alpha=0.7)
ax.scatter(y=df[‘index’], x=df[‘pct_2014’], s=50, color=‘#a3c4dc’, alpha=0.7)
Line Segments
for i, p1, p2 in zip(df[‘index’], df[‘pct_2013’], df[‘pct_2014’]):
newline([p1, i], [p2, i])
Decoration
ax.set_facecolor(‘#f7f7f7’)
ax.set_title(“Dumbell Chart: Pct Change - 2013 vs 2014”, fontdict={‘size’:22})
ax.set(xlim=(0,.25), ylim=(-1, 27), ylabel=‘Mean GDP Per Capita’)
ax.set_xticks([.05, .1, .15, .20])
ax.set_xticklabels([‘5%’, ‘15%’, ‘20%’, ‘25%’])
ax.set_xticklabels([‘5%’, ‘15%’, ‘20%’, ‘25%’])
plt.show()
4.1 连续直方分布图
直方图显示给定变量的频率分布。下图根据分类变量对频率条进行了分组，从而对连续变量和分类变量串联在一起有更深入的了解。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Prepare data
x_var = ‘displ’
groupby_var = ‘class’
df_agg = df.loc[:, [x_var, groupby_var]].groupby(groupby_var)
vals = [df[x_var].values.tolist() for i, df in df_agg]
Draw
plt.figure(figsize=(16,9), dpi= 80)
colors = [plt.cm.Spectral(i/float(len(vals)-1)) for i in range(len(vals))]
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(vals, 30, stacked=True, density=False, color=colors[:len(vals)])
Decoration
plt.legend({group:col for group, col in zip(np.unique(df[groupby_var]).tolist(), colors[:len(vals)])})
plt.title(f"Stacked Histogram of x v a r {x_var} xvar colored by g r o u p b y v a r {groupby_var} groupbyvar", fontsize=22)
plt.xlabel(x_var)
plt.ylabel(“Frequency”)
plt.ylim(0, 25)
plt.xticks(ticks=bins[::3], labels=[round(b,1) for b in bins[::3]])
plt.show()
4.2 分类直方图
分类变量的直方图显示该变量的频率分布。通过为条形着色，您可以将分布与代表颜色的另一个分类变量关联起来。
Import Data
df = pd.read_csv(“data/mpg_ggplot2.csv”)
Prepare data
x_var = ‘manufacturer’
groupby_var = ‘class’
df_agg = df.loc[:, [x_var, groupby_var]].groupby(groupby_var)
vals = [df[x_var].values.tolist() for i, df in df_agg]
Draw
plt.figure(figsize=(16,9), dpi= 80)
colors = [plt.cm.Spectral(i/float(len(vals)-1)) for i in range(len(vals))]
n, bins, patches = plt.hist(vals, df[x_var].unique().len(), stacked=True, density=False, color=colors[:len(vals)])
Decoration
plt.legend({group:col for group, col in zip(np.unique(df[groupby_var]).tolist(), colors[:len(vals)])})
plt.title(f"Stacked Histogram of x v a r {x_var} xvar colored by g r o u p b y v a r {groupby_var} groupbyvar", fontsize=22)
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