前几天遇到了这样一个情景:
一个服务器是以虚拟机的形式提供的,通过df -h看服务器磁盘空间只有30多个G,但通过fdisk -l看发现有一个160G的磁盘空间 没有挂载,因此需要在不重启的前提下将160G的磁盘挂载。
之前处理过好几次这种问题,但一段时间不弄,又有点忘了,趁此机会将此案例分享一下,加深记忆。
在说这个案例前,先简要谈一下处理这个问题所要用到的逻辑卷管理(LVM)相关知识。
逻辑卷管理LVM是一个多才多艺的硬盘系统工具。无论在Linux或者其他类似的系统,都是非常的好用。传统分区使用固定大小分区,重新调整大小十分麻烦。但是,LVM可以创建和管理“逻辑”卷,而不是直接使用物理硬盘。可以让管理员弹性的管理逻辑卷的扩大缩小,操作简单,而不损坏已存储的数据。可以随意将新的硬盘添加到LVM,以直接扩展已经存在的逻辑卷。LVM并不需要重启就可以让内核知道分区的存在。
LVM使用分层结构,如下图所示。
LVM逻辑卷基础知识
PV (physical volume)物理卷
VG (Volume Group)卷组
LV ( Logical Volume)逻辑卷
它们之间的关系
- 先创建PV(物理卷)
- 给PV(物理卷)中创建一个或多个VG(
物理卷命令说明
示例
说明:
- 当前有一块磁盘为 /dev/sdb
- 使用fdisk命令将它进行分区 fdisk /dev/sdb
- 将分区后的磁盘改为 8e 【也就是LVM系统】
- 使用 pvcreate 命令将它进行初始化物理卷,比如: pvcreate /dev/sdb1
操作: - fdisk /dev/sdb命令进行创建物理卷
- pvcreate /dev/sdb1 创建物理卷
- pvs 查看当前物理卷信息
案例:磁盘扩容
1.查看磁盘文件可用空间,发现可用磁盘空间只有30多个
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
2.查看磁盘空间对的详细信息,可见有一个160G的磁盘
[root@server tomcat-atm]# fdisk -l
3.创建磁盘分区,使用‘8e’类型来使其可用于LVM
[root@server tomcat-atm]# fdisk /dev/sdb
4.创建物理卷
root@server tomcat-atm]# pvcreate /dev/sdb
Physical volume "/dev/sdb" successfully created
- 检查物理卷的创建情况
[root@server tomcat-atm]# pvdisplay
6. 扩展卷组
[root@server tomcat-atm]# vgextend centos /dev/sdb
Volume group "centos" successfully extended
- 查看卷组
[root@server tomcat-atm]# vgdisplay
8. 扩展lvm卷
[root@server tomcat-atm]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/centos-root
Size of logical volume centos/root changed from 35.47 GiB (9080 extents) to 185.50 GiB (47489 extents).
Logical volume root successfully resized.
- 扩展容量
[root@server tomcat-atm]# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
10.查看磁盘空间,可以看到扩容成功
扩展Linux系统根分区
技术:逻辑卷管理(LVM)
具体步骤:
1.查看磁盘空间
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
#查看磁盘空间,根分区的大小是18G,已经用了43%。
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root 18G 7.0G 9.5G 43% /
tmpfs 2.0G 76K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 485M 40M 421M 9% /boot
/dev/sr0 3.6G 3.6G 0 100% /media/cdrom
2.创建磁盘分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00083529
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 \* 1 64 512000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM
#/dev/sdb盘还有足够的空间
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 18.8 GB, 18798870528 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2285 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xac7c929b.
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u').
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xac7c929b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1#分区号
First cylinder (1-2610, default 1): #回车用默认的
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610, default 2610): #回车用默认的
Using default value 2610
Command (m for help): t #改变类型
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e #LVM的分区代码
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xac7c929b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
#将磁盘分区表变化信息通知内核,请求操作系统重新加载分区表,有些小报错不要紧。
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sda (Device or resource busy). As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes until after reboot.
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sdb (Device or resource busy). As a result, it may not reflect all of your changes until after reboot.
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
Error: Invalid partition table - recursive partition on /dev/sr0.
3.创建物理卷
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00083529
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 \* 1 64 512000 83 Linux
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2 64 2611 20458496 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xac7c929b
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: 18.8 GB, 18798870528 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2285 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
Disk /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_swap: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 261 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 \* 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sdb1
#由fdisk -l查到LVM卷是/dev/sdb1,所以用/dev/sdb1来创建物理卷。
Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created
报错 -bash: pvcreate: command not found
安装yum -y install lvm2即可解决
4.扩展卷组
[root@localhost ~]# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sda2
VG Name VolGroup
PV Size 19.51 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4994
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 4994
PV UUID qkBdcn-RQaR-ZliO-Ja2S-RhMC-stw8-CO213I
"/dev/sdb1" is a new physical volume of "19.99 GiB"
--- NEW Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/sdb1
VG Name
PV Size 19.99 GiB
Allocatable NO
PE Size 0
Total PE 0
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 0
PV UUID H7tDqG-6AZv-yBSA-U0ov-Ni0y-dlPA-kAA83i
[root@localhost ~]# vgextend VolGroup /dev/sdb1
Volume group "VolGroup" successfully extended
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VolGroup
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 39.50 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 10112
Alloc PE / Size 4994 / 19.51 GiB
Free PE / Size 5118 / 19.99 GiB
VG UUID dc0vI9-KzGu-4S59-A1xv-NM4Y-rYBF-3jDNRn
5.扩展逻辑卷
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -l +100%free /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
#free也可以大写FREE
Extending logical volume lv_root to 37.50 GiB
Logical volume lv_root successfully resized
[root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
#查看分区文件系统类型
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root: UUID="972fdddd-ddb8-469f-a342-e075eaeabeb2" TYPE="ext4"
[root@localhost ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root
#e2fsck -f检查分区
e2fsck 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
/dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root is mounted.
e2fsck: Cannot continue, aborting.
[root@localhost ~]# resize2fs /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root