在构造函数中我们需要传入一个jpg格式的纹理文件路径(调用image/图片格式包下的Decode方法可以解析不同格式文件,这里为了简单,只解析jpg格式),和一个uint32类型的参数,这个参数指定在我们使用多个纹理时,着色器程序中不同纹理的占位符。在构造函数中我们指定了纹理放大缩小过滤方式和纹理环绕过滤方式
2.创建用于变换的矩阵
前面提到过我们要用到三个矩阵来对物体坐标进行变换
model = mgl32.Translate3D(0,0,1)
这个矩阵会将物体沿着z轴方向移动一个单位
接着调用mgl
的Perspective
方法创建一个透视矩阵,设置视野大小为45,近平面设为0.1,远平面设为100,只有在这两个平面之间的物体才会被渲染,可以理解为物体远离到了看不见的位置
projection := mgl32.Perspective(45, width/height, 0.1, 100.0)
最后我们使用mgl
的LookAt
方法创建一个视图矩阵,它用于将物体坐标转化为我们观察者的视角坐标,这个方法需要三个向量,第一个是观察者处于世界空间中的哪个位置,第二个是观察者要观察的方向,最后是表示观察者所观察方向的正上方的向量(可以通过右向量和观察方向向量叉乘得到)
position := mgl32.Vec3{0, 0, 0}
front := mgl32.Vec3{0, 0, -1}
up:= mgl32.Vec3{0, 1, 0}
target := position.Add(front)
view := mgl32.LookAtV(position,target, up)
代码中position
代表观察者所处的位置(设为原点),front
代表观察者观察的方向(沿z轴的负方向),up
代表竖直方向。
至此,我们准备好了创建一个3D空间所需要的全部矩阵,之后的所有操作都转化为了对这三个矩阵的运算,要移动物体可以通过修改model矩阵实现,视角需要变化只需要修改view矩阵,视野缩放责可以通过修改projection矩阵来完成。
有个问题是,如何让我们观察的方向随着鼠标移动而变化?前面知道,front
代表观察者观察的方向,修改这个向量即可,这里要用到欧拉角,具体可以去网上找资料,我也不是很懂,这里直接复制了教程中的代码
最后为了进一步抽象相关操作,创建一个camera类
package camera
import(
“github.com/go-gl/mathgl/mgl64”
“github.com/go-gl/mathgl/mgl32”
“math”
)
type Direction int
const (
FORWARD Direction = 0 // 摄像机移动状态:前
BACKWARD Direction = 1 // 后
LEFT Direction = 2 // 左
RIGHT Direction = 3 // 右
)
type LocalCamera struct{
position mgl32.Vec3
front mgl32.Vec3
up mgl32.Vec3
right mgl32.Vec3
wordUp mgl32.Vec3
yaw float64
pitch float64
zoom float32
movementSpeed float32
mouseSensitivity float32
constrainPitch bool
}
func NewDefaultCamera() *LocalCamera{
position := mgl32.Vec3{0, 0, 0}
front := mgl32.Vec3{0, 0, -1}
wordUp := mgl32.Vec3{0, 1, 0}
yaw := float64(-90)
pitch := float64(0)
movementSpeed := float32(2.5)
mouseSensitivity := float32(0.1)
zoom := float32(45)
constrainPitch := true
localCamera := &LocalCamera{position:position,
front:front,
wordUp:wordUp,
yaw:yaw,
pitch:pitch,
movementSpeed:movementSpeed,
mouseSensitivity:mouseSensitivity,
zoom:zoom,
constrainPitch:constrainPitch}
localCamera.updateCameraVectors()
return localCamera
}
//获取当前透视矩阵
func (localCamera *LocalCamera) GetProjection(width float32, height float32) *float32{
projection := mgl32.Perspective(mgl32.DegToRad(localCamera.zoom), float32(width)/height, 0.1, 100.0)
return &projection[0]
}
//鼠标移动回调
func (localCamera *LocalCamera) ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset float32, yoffset float32){
xoffset *= localCamera.mouseSensitivity
yoffset *= localCamera.mouseSensitivity
localCamera.yaw += float64(xoffset)
localCamera.pitch += float64(yoffset)
// Make sure that when pitch is out of bounds, screen doesn’t get flipped
if (localCamera.constrainPitch){
if (localCamera.pitch > 89.0){
localCamera.pitch = 89.0
}
if (localCamera.pitch < -89.0){
localCamera.pitch = -89.0
}
}
localCamera.updateCameraVectors();
}
//鼠标滑动回调
func (localCamera *LocalCamera) ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset float32){
if (localCamera.zoom >= 1.0 && localCamera.zoom <= 45.0){
localCamera.zoom -= yoffset;
}
if (localCamera.zoom <= 1.0){
localCamera.zoom = 1.0;
}
if (localCamera.zoom >= 45.0){
localCamera.zoom = 45.0;
}
}
//键盘回调
func (localCamera *LocalCamera) ProcessKeyboard(direction Direction, deltaTime float32){
velocity := localCamera.movementSpeed * deltaTime;
if (direction == FORWARD){
localCamera.position = localCamera.position.Add(localCamera.front.Mul(velocity))
}
if (direction == BACKWARD){
localCamera.position = localCamera.position.Sub(localCamera.front.Mul(velocity))
}
if (direction == LEFT){
localCamera.position = localCamera.position.Sub(localCamera.right.Mul(velocity))
}
if (direction == RIGHT){
localCamera.position = localCamera.position.Add(localCamera.right.Mul(velocity))
}
}
//获取view
func (localCamera *LocalCamera) GetViewMatrix() *float32{
target := localCamera.position.Add(localCamera.front)
view := mgl32.LookAtV(localCamera.position,target, localCamera.up)
return &view[0]
}
//更新view
func (localCamera *LocalCamera) updateCameraVectors(){
x := math.Cos(mgl64.DegToRad(localCamera.yaw)) * math.Cos(mgl64.DegToRad(localCamera.pitch))
y := math.Sin(mgl64.DegToRad(localCamera.pitch))
z := math.Sin(mgl64.DegToRad(localCamera.yaw)) * math.Cos(mgl64.DegToRad(localCamera.pitch));
localCamera.front = mgl32.Vec3{float32(x),float32(y),float32(z)}
localCamera.right = localCamera.front.Cross(localCamera.wordUp).Normalize()
localCamera.up = localCamera.right.Cross(localCamera.front).Normalize()
}
3.创建着色器
上一篇文章中我写过创建一个着色器的全部流程,这里我们将其封装为一个着色器类,可以直接从文件中构造并编译出着色器
package shader
import (
“io/ioutil”
“fmt”
“github.com/go-gl/gl/v4.1-core/gl”
“strings”
)
type LocalShader struct{
ID uint32
}
func (shader *LocalShader) Use(){
gl.UseProgram(shader.ID)
}
func (shader *LocalShader) SetBool(name string, value bool){
var a int32 = 0;
if(value){
a = 1
}
gl.Uniform1i(gl.GetUniformLocation(shader.ID, gl.Str(name + “\x00”)), a)
}
func (shader *LocalShader) SetInt(name string, value int32){
gl.Uniform1i(gl.GetUniformLocation(shader.ID, gl.Str(name + “\x00”)), value)
}
func (shader *LocalShader) SetFloat(name string, value float32){
gl.Uniform1f(gl.GetUniformLocation(shader.ID, gl.Str(name + “\x00”)), value)
}
func (shader *LocalShader) SetMatrix4fv(name string, value *float32){
gl.UniformMatrix4fv(gl.GetUniformLocation(shader.ID, gl.Str(name + “\x00”)), 1,false,value)
}
func NewLocalShader(vertexPath string, fragmentPath string) *LocalShader{
vertexString, err := ioutil.ReadFile(vertexPath)
if err != nil{
panic(err)
}
fragmentString, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fragmentPath)
if err != nil{
panic(err)
}
return NewStringShader(string(vertexString),string(fragmentString))
}
func NewStringShader(vertexString string, fragmentString string) *LocalShader{
vertexShader,err := compileShader(vertexString+“\x00”, gl.VERTEX_SHADER)
if err != nil{
panic(err)
}
fragmentShader,err := compileShader(fragmentString+“\x00”, gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER)
if err != nil{
panic(err)
}
progID := gl.CreateProgram()
gl.AttachShader(progID, vertexShader)
gl.AttachShader(progID, fragmentShader)
gl.LinkProgram(progID)
gl.DeleteShader(vertexShader)
gl.DeleteShader(fragmentShader)
return &LocalShader{ ID: progID}
}
func compileShader(source string, shaderType uint32) (uint32, error) {
shader := gl.CreateShader(shaderType)
csources, free := gl.Strs(source)
gl.ShaderSource(shader, 1, csources, nil)
free()
gl.CompileShader(shader)
var status int32
gl.GetShaderiv(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS, &status)
if status == gl.FALSE {
var logLength int32
gl.GetShaderiv(shader, gl.INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &logLength)
log := strings.Repeat(“\x00”, int(logLength+1))
gl.GetShaderInfoLog(shader, logLength, nil, gl.Str(log))
return 0, fmt.Errorf(“failed to compile %v: %v”, source, log)
}
return shader, nil
}
两个着色器代码如下
#version 410 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoord;
out vec2 TexCoord;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main(){
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos,1.0);
TexCoord = aTexCoord;
}
#version 410 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;
uniform sampler2D texture1;
uniform sampler2D texture2;
void main()
{
FragColor = mix(texture(texture1, TexCoord), texture(texture2, TexCoord), 0.5);
}
4.整合
我们在main
方法中对以上内容进行整合,包括按键输入处理,鼠标移动处理等
package main
import(
“github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.2/glfw”
“github.com/go-gl/gl/v4.1-core/gl”
“log”
“legend/shader”
“runtime”
“legend/texture”
“legend/camera”
“github.com/go-gl/mathgl/mgl32”
)
const (
width = 800
height = 600
)
var (
vertices = []float32 {
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, -0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 1.0, 1.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0,
-0.5, 0.5, -0.5, 0.0, 1.0,
};
position = []mgl32.Mat3{
mgl32.Mat3{0,0,0},
mgl32.Mat3{2,5,-15},
mgl32.Mat3{-1.5,-2.2,-2.5},
}
deltaTime = float32(0.0); // time between current frame and last frame
lastFrame = float32(0.0);
acamera = camera.NewDefaultCamera()
firstMouse = true
lastX = width / 2.0
lastY = height / 2.0
)
func main() {
runtime.LockOSThread()
window := initGlfw()
defer glfw.Terminate()
initOpenGL()
vao,vbo := makeVao(vertices,nil)
shader := shader.NewLocalShader(“./shader/shader-file/shader.vs”,“./shader/shader-file/shader.fs”)
shader.Use()
shader.SetInt(“texture1”, 0)
shader.SetInt(“texture2”, 1)
texture1 := texture.NewLocalTexture(“./texture/texture-file/face.jpg”,gl.TEXTURE0)
texture2 := texture.NewLocalTexture(“./texture/texture-file/wood.jpg”,gl.TEXTURE1)
texture1.Use()
texture2.Use()
projection := acamera.GetProjection(width,height)
shader.SetMatrix4fv(“projection”, projection)
for !window.ShouldClose() {
currentFrame := float32(glfw.GetTime());
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
clear()
texture1.Use()
texture2.Use()
view := acamera.GetViewMatrix()
shader.SetMatrix4fv(“view”,view)
for _, v := range position {
model := mgl32.HomogRotate3DX(float32(glfw.GetTime())).Mul4(mgl32.HomogRotate3DY(float32(glfw.GetTime())))
model = mgl32.Translate3D(v[0],v[1],v[2]).Mul4(model)
shader.SetMatrix4fv(“model”,&model[0])
draw(vao)
}
processInput(window)
glfw.PollEvents()
window.SwapBuffers()
}
gl.DeleteVertexArrays(1, &vao);
gl.DeleteBuffers(1, &vbo);
glfw.Terminate()
}
func initGlfw() *glfw.Window {
if err := glfw.Init(); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
glfw.WindowHint(glfw.Resizable, glfw.False)
window, err := glfw.CreateWindow(width, height, “test”, nil, nil)