Python——初阶入门

一：书写代码和运行

      1.终端：

        windows + R

        输入：cmd

        终端页面输入：python

      2.软件：

         常用：PyCarm、VS Code

        本人建议使用：初学者使用VS Code,进阶者使用PyCarm

二:模块的导入

     1.关键字:

import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist)

2.全局函数：

import builtins
print(dir(builtins))

  3.判断数据类型;

help(type)

type()

三：标准输入输出函数与强制类型转换

a = 10
b = 32
print(a + b)

str1 = int(input("请输入："))
str2 = int(input("请输入："))
print("%d + %d = %d " % (str1, str2, str1 + str2))
print(str(str1) + "+" + str(str2) + "=" + str(str1 + str2))

num1 = input("请输入：")
num2 = input("请输入：")
print(int(num1) + int(num2))

print("{} + {} = {}".format(num1, num2, int(num1) + int(num2)))
print(f'{num1} + {num2} = {int(num1) + int(num2)}')

 四：简单数值运算

a = 52
b = 63
print(a + b)
print(a * b)
print(a / b)
print(a // b)
print(a % b)
print(a - b)
print(a ** 2)

五：简单判断

a = int(input（"请输入："))
b = int(input("请输入："))

print(a > b)
print(a is not None)
print(a is None)

c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
print(5 in c)
print(5 not in c)

注意：其返回值是一个布尔值

六：if — 条件判断

age = int(input("请输入您的年龄："))

# 判断一个人是否成年
# 单分支条件句
if age >= 18:
    print("您已经成年了！！！")

# 双分支条件句
if age >= 18:
    print("恭喜您已经成年了！！！")
else:
    print("您还没有成年！！！")

# 输入一个数，判断星期数
# 多分支条件句
week = int(input("请输入星期数："))

if week == 1:
    print("今天星期一")
elif week == 2:
    print("今天星期二")
elif week == 3:
    print("今天星期三")
elif week == 4:
    print("今天星期四")
elif week == 5:
    print("今天星期五")
elif week == 6:
    print("今天星期六")
elif week == 7:
    print("今天星期日")
else:
    pass

七：循环结构

    1.while—循环

# 打印100次hello world
index = 1
while index <= 100:
    print("hello world", index)
    index += 1

# 求0到100的和
a = 0
b = 0
while b <= 100:
    a += b
    b += 1
print(a)

# 求50到200之间偶数的和
a = 50
b = 52
while b <= 200:
    a = a + b
    b += 2
print(a)

a = 50
b = 0
while a <= 200:
    if a % 2 == 0:
        b += a
    a += 1
print(b)


# 求100到200之间奇数的和
m = 101
n = 103
while n <= 200:
    m = m + n
    n += 2
print(m)

m = 100
n = 0
while m <= 200:
    if m % 2 == 1:
        n += m
    m += 1
print(n)

# 求1~100之间的积
i = 1
j = 2
while j <=100:
    i = i * j
    j += 1
print(i)

i = 1
j = 1
while i <= 100:
    j *= i
    i += 1
print(j)

# 打印图形*
j = int(input("请输入您需要打印的层数："))
i = 1
while i <= j:
    m = 1
    while m <= i:
        print("*", end="")
        m += 1
    print()
    i += 1

# 简化双层循环
while i <= j:
    print("*" * i, end="")
    print()
    i += 1 

# 打印九九乘法表
i = 1
while i <= 9:
    j = 1
    while j <= i:
        print(f'{i} x {j} ={i * j}', end='  ')
        j += 1
    print()
    i += 1

    2.for—循环

# for循环，用来迭代数据

print(help(range))  # range函数可以帮助我们写一个范围
                    # 前闭后开

 # 打印0~9的所有整数
for i in range(10):
    print(i)  

s = 1
for i in range(0, 10):
    s += i
    print(s)  # 这两个print是不一样的
print(s)


# 打印0~100所有偶数的值
j = 2
for i in range(0, 101, 2):
    print(i)

# 打印菱形
layer = int(input("请输入奇数："))

while layer % 2 == 0:
    layer = int(input("对不起，请重新输入："))

# 上半部分
for i in range(1, layer // 2 + 2):
    for j in range(1, layer - i + 1):
        print(" ", end="")
    for j in range(1, 2 * i):
        print("*", end="")
    print()

# 下半部分
for i in range(layer // 2, 0, -1):
    for j in range(1, layer - i + 1):
        print(" ", end="")
    for j in range(2 * i - 1, 0, -1):
        print("*", end="")
    print()

# 简化
for i in range(1, layer // 2 + 2):
    print(" " * (layer - i), end="")
    print("*" * (2 * i - 1))
for i in range(layer // 2, 0, -1):
    print(" " * (layer - i), end="")
    print("*" * (2 * i - 1))

# 空心菱形
for i in range(1, layer // 2 + 2):
    for j in range(1, layer - i + 1):
        print(" ", end="")
    for j in range(1, 2 * i):
        if j == 1 or j == 2 * i - 1:
            print("*", end="")
        else:
            print(" ", end="")
    print()

for i in range(layer // 2, 0, -1):
    for j in range(1, layer - i + 1):
        print(" ", end="")
    for j in range(2 * i - 1, 0, -1):
        if j == 1 or j == 2 * i - 1:
            print("*", end="")
        else:
            print(" ", end="")
    print()

# 对角线菱形
for i in range(1, layer // 2 + 2):
    for j in range(1, layer - i + 1):
        print(" ", end="")
    for j in range(1, 2 * i):
        if j == 1 or j == 2 * i - 1 or i == layer // 2 + 1 or j == i:
            print("*", end="")
        else:
            print(" ", end="")
    print()

for i in range(layer // 2, 0, -1):
    for j in range(1, layer - i + 1):
        print(" ", end="")
    for j in range(2 * i - 1, 0, -1):
        if j == 1 or j == 2 * i - 1 or i == layer // 2 + 1 or j == i:
            print("*", end="")
        else:
            print(" ", end="")
    print()