HTTP协议(Request篇)

慕雪️

于 2024-06-20 20:37:43 发布

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文章标签：网络协议 servlet http java tomcat

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/2402_85665391/article/details/139840406

版权

前言：HTTP是基于TCP/IP的高级协议的超文本传输协议，定义了客户端和服务器端通信时，发送数据的格式。它的默认端口号是80，具有一次请求对应一次响应（基于请求响应模型）和每次请求之间相互独立，不能交互数据（无状态的）的特点。

一.请求数据格式

1.请求行：请求方式（POST或GET）请求路径请求协议/版本号

请求方式	请求参数	url长度	安全性
POST	请求参数在请求体中	没有限制	相对安全
GET	请求参数在请求行中	有限制	不太安全

2.请求头：请求头名称：请求头值

常用请求头	存储信息	作用场景
User-Agent	浏览器版本	可以在服务器端获取，用于解决浏览器的兼容问题
Referer	请求来自于哪里	防盗链，统计工作

3.请求空行：空行，用作分割

4.请求体：

请求方式	请求体
POST	请求参数
GET	无请求体

二.Request对象

1.Request对象原理如图所示（Response对象同理）

补充：Request对象是由服务器创建，我们使用Request对象来获取消息。

2.Request的体系结构

RequestFacade(类)

实现

HttpServletRequest(接口)

继承

ServletRequest(接口)

3.Request对象功能（基于Servlet进行演示）

1.获取信息功能（标*较为重要）

获取请求行数据

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

public class ServletDome1 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
         /**获取请求行数据*/

            //获取请求方式
            String method = req.getMethod();

            //获取请求虚拟目录 *
            String contextPath = req.getContextPath();

            //获取Servlet路径
            String servletPath = req.getServletPath();

            //获取GET请求参数
            String queryString = req.getQueryString();

            //获取请求的URI *(统一资源标识符，URI代表的范围大)
            String requestURI = req.getRequestURI();

            //获取请求的URL(统一资源定位符)
            StringBuffer requestURL = req.getRequestURL();

            //获取协议及版本
            String protocol = req.getProtocol();

            //获取客户机的IP地址
            String remoteAddr = req.getRemoteAddr();
     
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
               this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

获取请求头数据

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

public class ServletDome1 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
         
        /**获取请求头数据*/

            //通过请求头的名称获取请求头的值 (*)
            String header = req.getHeader("User-Agent");

            //获取所有请求头的名称(可以当作迭代器使用)
            Enumeration<String> headerNames = req.getHeaderNames();
           
            //获取所有请求头数据
            while (headerNames.hasMoreElements()){
                 String value = req.getHeader(headerNames.nextElement());
            }
      
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
               this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

获取请求体数据（仅限POST请求）

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletInputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;

public class ServletDome1 extends HttpServlet {
  
        /**获取请求体数据(只有post请求才有)*/

        //获取流对象(字节流或者字符流)

        ServletInputStream inputStream = req.getInputStream();

        BufferedReader reader = req.getReader();

        //再从流对象里面拿数据

        String line = null;
        while ((line = reader.readLine()) !=null){
            System.out.println(line);
        }

    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
               this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

request公用方法（较为重要）

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
public class ServletDome2 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

      /**获取请求参数通用根据参数名称获取数值（无论post还是get都可以）*/

        //根据名字获取值  (*)
         String parameter = req.getParameter("");

        //根据名字获取数组
         String[] parameterValues = req.getParameterValues("");

        //获取所有参数的名字
         Enumeration<String> parameterNames = req.getParameterNames();

        //获取所有参数（上面API组合）
         while (parameterNames.hasMoreElements()){
             String nextElement = parameterNames.nextElement();
             String parameter1 = req.getParameter(nextElement);
         }


        //获取所有参数的名字和值到一个map集合中   (*)
         Map<String, String[]> parameterMap = req.getParameterMap();

         Set<String> strings = parameterMap.keySet();
         for (String string : strings) {
             String[] strings1 = parameterMap.get(string);
             for (String s : strings1) {
                 System.out.println(s);
             }
         }
         
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
         this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

2.解决中文乱码问题

前言：在tomcat8版本以上，GET请求的乱码问题被tomcat解决，但POST依然存在乱码问题。

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class ServletDome3 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

       /**设置req的编码形式*/
        req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");

        String username = req.getParameter("username");
        System.out.println(username);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

这里小编设置utf-8为例（设置和自己浏览器编码一样即可）。

3.请求转发

1. 请求转发概念：一种在服务器内部的资源跳转方式（如图所示）

2. 请求转发的特点

浏览器地址栏的路径不发生变化
只能转发到当前服务器中
转发是一次请求

3.请求转发的实现

Aservlet

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class AServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
  
        //通过request对象获取请求转发对象
      RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = req.getRequestDispatcher("/BServlet");

        //利用转发对象进行转发
       requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

Bservlet

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class BServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        System.out.println("由Aservlet转发的请求访问该Servlet");
       
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

4. 数据共享

补充：

域对象：一次有作用范围的对象，可以在作用范围内共享数据
request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发多个资源中共享数据

1.数据共享API

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
 * 共享数据
 * 域对象：一次有作用范围的对象，可以在范围内共享数据
 * request域：代表一次请求的范围，一般用于请求转发多个资源中共享数据
 **/
public class ServletDome6 extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

       /**存储数据*/
        req.setAttribute("username",000);

        /**通过键获取值*/
        req.getAttribute("username");

        /**通过键移除键值对*/
        req.removeAttribute("username");

    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

2.数据共享实现

Aservlet

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class AServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

       /**转发之前存入数据，达到共享数据的目的*/
        req.setAttribute("username",000);

        //通过request对象获取请求转发对象
      RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = req.getRequestDispatcher("/BServlet");

        //利用转发对象进行转发
      requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

Bservlet

package com.lsl.Servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

public class BServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {

        System.out.println("由Aservlet转发的请求访问该Servlet");
        /**获取Aservlet中存入的数据*/
        System.out.println(req.getAttribute("username"));
    }

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        this.doPost(req,resp);
    }
}

到这里小编讲解完了HTTP(Request)篇，欢迎一起探讨学习。