weka分类器-C4.5决策树

1.     算法概述

 C4.5,是机器学习算法中的另一个分类决策树算法,它是决策树(决策树也就是做决策的节点间的组织方式像一棵树,其实是一个倒树)核心算法,是相对于ID3算法的改进,主要改进点有:

1.      用信息增益率来选择属性。C4.5克服了ID3用信息增益选择属性时偏向选择取值多的属性的不足。

2.      在树构造过程中进行剪枝。

3.      对非离散数据也能处理。

4.      能够对不完整数据进行处理。

 

2.     算法过程

统计好样本集S,属性集A,分别求出属性集中每个属性的信息增益率,选中增益率最大的属性P,假设P总有n种情况的取值(连续变量要离散化),那么分别统计好第i种情况时样本集Si和除去P的属性集Pi,递归生成相对应的子树。

2.1 主要步骤

1 读取文件信息,统计数目

2 建立决策树

如果样本集为空,则生成一个信息数目都为0的树节点返回

如果样本均为同一类别,则生成一个叶子节点返回

计算节点正负样本的数目

如果属性值只有那个类别的属性,则生成一个叶子节点,并赋值类型索引

如果以上都不是,则选择一个增益率最大的属性(连续属性要用增益率离散化),按那个属性的取值情况从新定义样本集和属性集,建造相关子树

3 事后剪枝(采用悲观错误率估算)

4 输出决策树

5 移除决策时

 

3.     算法实现分析

3.1 训练分类器

public voidbuildClassifier(Instances instances) throws Exception {

 

      ModelSelectionmodSelection;

 

      if (m_binarySplits)

         modSelection= newBinC45ModelSelection(m_minNumObj, instances,m_useMDLcorrection);

      else

         modSelection= newC45ModelSelection(m_minNumObj, instances,m_useMDLcorrection);

      if (!m_reducedErrorPruning)

         m_root = newC45PruneableClassifierTree(modSelection, !m_unpruned,

                m_CF, m_subtreeRaising, !m_noCleanup, m_collapseTree);

      else

         m_root = newPruneableClassifierTree(modSelection, !m_unpruned,

                m_numFolds, !m_noCleanup,m_Seed);

      m_root.buildClassifier(instances);

   }

第一个if判断是否对nominal属性进行二分裂,第二个if是判断是否对tree进行剪枝。

modSelection后面会被用于选择足有的分裂模型。

m_root是该树的根节点。

上面比较重要的是最后一句m_root.buildClassifier(instances);用于在各节点中构建分类器。下面我们看看其代码:

(C45PruneableClassifierTree.java)

public voidbuildClassifier(Instances data) throws Exception {

 

……

      buildTree(data,m_subtreeRaising);

      if (m_collapseTheTree){

         collapse();

      }

      if (m_pruneTheTree) {

         prune();

      }

      if (m_cleanup) {

         cleanup(new Instances(data, 0));

      }

   }

过程为:首选见创建树然后根据需要对数进行节点折叠、剪枝、清理内存空间等。下面我们依次分析:

3.1.1 创建树buildTree (ClassifierTree.java)

public voidbuildTree(Instances data, boolean keepData)throwsException {

   

   Instances [] localInstances;

 

   if(keepData) {

     m_train= data;

   }

   m_test= null;

   m_isLeaf= false;

   m_isEmpty= false;

   m_sons= null;

   m_localModel = m_toSelectModel.selectModel(data); //选择最优的分裂模型

   if(m_localModel.numSubsets()> 1) {

     localInstances = m_localModel.split(data);  //对训练数据进行分组

     data = null;

     m_sons= newClassifierTree [m_localModel.numSubsets()]; //分配子树

     for(inti = 0; i <m_sons.length; i++) {

   m_sons[i] = getNewTree(localInstances[i]);  //在子树对应的训练数据中构建树

   localInstances[i]= null;

     }

   }else{

     m_isLeaf= true;

     if(Utils.eq(data.sumOfWeights(), 0))

   m_isEmpty = true;

     data = null;

   }

  }

从上述代码中可以看出tree的构建过程为:首先根据instances选择最优的分裂模型,然后根据选择的分裂属性将训练集进行分组,最后在子树中构建树。

在该过程中最重要也是最复杂的是选择分裂模型的过程,即m_toSelectModel.selectModel(data);下面我们分析该过程:

public finalClassifierSplitModel selectModel(Instances data) {

 

      try {

 

         checkDistribution= newDistribution(data);

         noSplitModel= newNoSplit(checkDistribution);

         //这个if语句是判断是否有足够的样本进行分裂,因为分裂至少要生成2个新的节点所以判断checkDistribution.total()是否小于2*m_minNoObj,第二个条件是判断是否所有的instance都属于同一个类,若是则checkDistribution.total()会与最大类的instance数量相等。

         if (Utils.sm(checkDistribution.total(),2 *m_minNoObj)

               || Utils.eq(checkDistribution.total(),checkDistribution

                      .perClass(checkDistribution.maxClass())))

            return noSplitModel;

         //这里判断是否所有的属性都是nominal,第二个条件是是判断该属性是否有足够多的值

         if (m_allData !=null) {

            Enumerationenu = data.enumerateAttributes();

            while (enu.hasMoreElements()){

                attribute= (Attribute) enu.nextElement();

                if((attribute.isNumeric())

                      ||(Utils.sm((double) attribute.numValues(),

                            (0.3* (double)m_allData.numInstances())))){

                   multiVal= false;

                   break;

                }

            }

         }

 

         currentModel= new C45Split[data.numAttributes()];//currentModel存储了在每个属性上构建出的分裂模型,以便后面挑选最优的一个。

         sumOfWeights= data.sumOfWeights();

 

         // For each attribute.

         for (i = 0; i <data.numAttributes(); i++) {

 

            // Apart from class attribute.

            if (i !=(data).classIndex()) {

 

                // Get models for current attribute.

                currentModel[i]= newC45Split(i,m_minNoObj,sumOfWeights,

                      m_useMDLcorrection);

                currentModel[i].buildClassifier(data); //这里是在第i个属性上构建分裂模型,这也是最重要的一个过程。

 

                // Check if useful split for current attribute

                // exists and check for enumerated attributes with

                // a lot of values.

                if(currentModel[i].checkModel())

                   if (m_allData !=null) {

                      if((data.attribute(i).isNumeric())

                            ||(multiVal || Utils.sm((double) data.attribute(i).numValues(),

                                  (0.3* (double)m_allData.numInstances())))){

                         averageInfoGain= averageInfoGain+ currentModel[i].infoGain();

                         validModels++;

                      }

                   }else{

                      averageInfoGain= averageInfoGain

                            +currentModel[i].infoGain();

                      validModels++;

                   }

            }else

                currentModel[i]= null;

         }

 

         // Check if any useful split was found.

         if (validModels == 0)

            return noSplitModel; //如果没有有效的分裂过程则返回为分裂模型

         averageInfoGain= averageInfoGain / (double) validModels;

 

         // Find "best" attribute to split on.

         minResult= 0;

         for (i = 0; i <data.numAttributes(); i++) {

            if ((i !=(data).classIndex())

                   &&(currentModel[i].checkModel()))

 

                // Use 1E-3 here to get a closer approximation to the

                // original

                // implementation.

                //对所有的属性都构建完分裂模型后,根据其信息增益率选择一个最大的即为最优模型

               if ((currentModel[i].infoGain() >= (averageInfoGain - 1E-3))

                      &&Utils.gr(currentModel[i].gainRatio(), minResult)) {

                   bestModel= currentModel[i];

                   minResult= currentModel[i].gainRatio();

                }

         }

 

         // Check if useful split was found.

         if (Utils.eq(minResult,0))

            return noSplitModel;

 

         // Add all Instances with unknown values for thecorresponding

         // attribute to the distribution for the model, so that

         // the complete distribution is stored with the model.

         bestModel.distribution().addInstWithUnknown(data,bestModel.attIndex());

 

         // Set the split point analogue to C45 ifattribute numeric.

         if (m_allData !=null)

            bestModel.setSplitPoint(m_allData);

         return bestModel;

      }catch(Exception e) {

         e.printStackTrace();

      }

      return null;

   }

 

上述过程中最重要的是对一个属性创建分裂模型的过程,即currentModel[i].buildClassifier(data);该过程代码如下:

public voidbuildClassifier(Instances trainInstances) throws Exception {

 

      // Initialize the remaining instance variables.

      m_numSubsets = 0;

      m_splitPoint = Double.MAX_VALUE;

      m_infoGain = 0;

      m_gainRatio = 0;

 

      // Different treatment for enumerated and numeric

      // attributes.

      //分别处理不同类型的属性

      if(trainInstances.attribute(m_attIndex).isNominal()) {

         m_complexityIndex= trainInstances.attribute(m_attIndex).numValues();

         m_index = m_complexityIndex;

         handleEnumeratedAttribute(trainInstances);

      }else{

         m_complexityIndex= 2;

         m_index = 0;

         trainInstances.sort(trainInstances.attribute(m_attIndex));

         handleNumericAttribute(trainInstances);

      }

   }

这里handleEnumerateAttribute和handleNumericAttribute是决定到底是哪一个属性分裂(m_attIndex)和分裂出几个子结点的函数(m_numSubsets)。这里的m_ complexityIndex就是指分可以分裂出多少子结点。Nominal类型属性根据其类中值的个数决定,如果是连续属性就是2。

我们首先看一下handleEnumeratedAttribute(trainInstances);

private voidhandleEnumeratedAttribute(InstancestrainInstances)

         throws Exception {

 

      Instanceinstance;

      // m_complexityIndex指定应该分裂成几个分支,该值由该类中的值的个数决定

      m_distribution = new Distribution(m_complexityIndex,trainInstances.numClasses());

 

      // Only Instances with known values are relevant.

      //只考虑无缺失值的样例

      Enumerationenu = trainInstances.enumerateInstances();

      while (enu.hasMoreElements()){

         instance= (Instance) enu.nextElement();

         if (!instance.isMissing(m_attIndex))

            m_distribution.add((int) instance.value(m_attIndex), instance);

      }

 

      // Check if minimum number of Instances in at least two

      // subsets.

      if (m_distribution.check(m_minNoObj)) {

         m_numSubsets = m_complexityIndex;

         //计算信息增益

         m_infoGain = infoGainCrit.splitCritValue(m_distribution, m_sumOfWeights);

         //计算信息增益率

         m_gainRatio = gainRatioCrit.splitCritValue(m_distribution, m_sumOfWeights,m_infoGain);

      }

   }

再来看一下handleNumericAttribute(trainInstances);

private voidhandleNumericAttribute(Instances trainInstances)

         throws Exception {

 

      // Current attribute is a numeric attribute.

      m_distribution = new Distribution(2, trainInstances.numClasses());

 

      // Only Instances with known values are relevant.

      Enumerationenu = trainInstances.enumerateInstances();

      i= 0;

      while (enu.hasMoreElements()){

         instance= (Instance) enu.nextElement();

         if (instance.isMissing(m_attIndex))

            break;

         m_distribution.add(1,instance);

         i++;

      }

      //由于前面已经将instances对属性m_attIndex进行排序,所以有缺失值的instance都在后面,也就是firstMiss是在m_attIndex上有确定值的样本个数+1

      firstMiss= i;

 

      // Compute minimum number of Instances required in each

      // subset.

      minSplit= 0.1 * (m_distribution.total()) / ((double) trainInstances.numClasses());

      if (Utils.smOrEq(minSplit,m_minNoObj))

         minSplit= m_minNoObj;

      else if (Utils.gr(minSplit,25))

         minSplit= 25;

 

      // Enough Instances with known values?

      if (Utils.sm((double) firstMiss, 2 *minSplit))

         return;

 

      // Compute values of criteria for all possible split

      // indices.

      //计算分裂前的信息增益

      defaultEnt= infoGainCrit.oldEnt(m_distribution);

      while(next < firstMiss) {

         //这里if语句是判断两个属性值是否太接近,若是那么选择的分裂点不会有太大的区别,就不进行处理。

         if(trainInstances.instance(next - 1).value(m_attIndex) + 1e-5 < trainInstances

                .instance(next).value(m_attIndex)) {

            // Move class values for all Instances up to next

            // possible split point.

            //是把第一个bag中下标从last到next-1的样本移到第0个bag

            m_distribution.shiftRange(1, 0,trainInstances, last, next);

            // Check if enough Instances in each subset and compute

            // values forcriteria.

            //如果在2个bag中都满足最小分裂条件,则计算在当前分裂节点下的信息增益。

            if (Utils.grOrEq(m_distribution.perBag(0),minSplit) && Utils.grOrEq(m_distribution.perBag(1), minSplit)) {

                currentInfoGain= infoGainCrit.splitCritValue(m_distribution,m_sumOfWeights, defaultEnt);

                if (Utils.gr(currentInfoGain,m_infoGain)) {

                   //记录下所有尝试过分裂节点的最大增益及分裂的节点

                   m_infoGain = currentInfoGain;

                   splitIndex= next - 1;

                }

                m_index++;

            }

            last= next;

         }

         next++;

      }

 

      // Was there any useful split?

      if (m_index == 0)

         return;

 

      // Compute modified information gain for best split.

      if (m_useMDLcorrection){

         m_infoGain =m_infoGain - (Utils.log2(m_index) /m_sumOfWeights);

      }

      if (Utils.smOrEq(m_infoGain, 0))

         return;

 

      // Set instance variables' values to values for

      // best split.

      m_numSubsets = 2;

      //分裂节点取为当前分裂点与下一属性值的中间值

      m_splitPoint =(trainInstances.instance(splitIndex + 1).value(m_attIndex) +trainInstances.instance(splitIndex).value(m_attIndex)) / 2;

 

      // In case wehave a numerical precision problem we need to choose the

      // smaller value

      if (m_splitPoint ==trainInstances.instance(splitIndex + 1).value(m_attIndex)) {

         m_splitPoint =trainInstances.instance(splitIndex).value(m_attIndex);

      }

 

      // Restore distributioN for best split.

      //将instances按照分裂点分组到2个bag中去

      m_distribution = new Distribution(2,trainInstances.numClasses());

      m_distribution.addRange(0,trainInstances, 0, splitIndex + 1);

      m_distribution.addRange(1,trainInstances, splitIndex + 1, firstMiss);

 

      // Compute modified gain ratio for best split.

      //计算信息增益率

      m_gainRatio = gainRatioCrit.splitCritValue(m_distribution, m_sumOfWeights,m_infoGain);

   }

3.1.2树节点折叠Collapse

创建完树结构之后我们可以根据需要对树中节点进行分裂:

public finalvoidcollapse() {

      double errorsOfSubtree;

      double errorsOfTree;

      int i;

 

      if (!m_isLeaf) {

         errorsOfSubtree= getTrainingErrors(); //计算以该节点为根的子树的训练误差

         errorsOfTree= localModel().distribution().numIncorrect(); //计算以该节点为根的树的训练误差

         //如果分裂后子树的训练误差更大,则取消对该节点的分裂,将该节点恢复为叶节点。

         if (errorsOfSubtree >=errorsOfTree - 1E-3) {

 

            // Free adjacent trees

            m_sons = null;

            m_isLeaf = true;

 

            // Get NoSplit Model for tree.

            m_localModel = newNoSplit(localModel().distribution());

         }else

            for (i = 0; i <m_sons.length; i++)

                son(i).collapse(); //递归的处理子树

      }

   }

3.1.3树剪枝Prune:

剪枝过程为从叶节点向根节点进行,采用减少训练误差的方法进行剪枝。

该算法过程为:对任一个非叶节点计算3个误差值:将该节点作为叶节点的训练误差errorsLeaf,取该节点中具有最多样例个数的子树并计算其训练误差errorsLargestBranch,一概节点为根的整棵树的误差errorsTree。如果errorsLeaf最小则将该树剪枝并将该节点设为叶子节点;如果errorsLargestBranch最小则将该子树分支替换该节点;否则不进行剪枝。

下面结合代码分析:

public voidprune() throwsException {

 

      double errorsLargestBranch;

      double errorsLeaf;

      double errorsTree;

      int indexOfLargestBranch;

      C45PruneableClassifierTreelargestBranch;

      int i;

 

      if (!m_isLeaf) {

 

         // Prune all subtrees.

         //递归剪枝子节点,这里可以保证从叶节点向上依次进行

         for (i = 0; i <m_sons.length; i++)

            son(i).prune();

 

         // Compute error for largest branch

         //计算包含最多instance的子树分支的训练误差

         indexOfLargestBranch= localModel().distribution().maxBag();

         if (m_subtreeRaising) {

            errorsLargestBranch= son(indexOfLargestBranch).getEstimatedErrorsForBranch((Instances)m_train);

         }else{

            errorsLargestBranch= Double.MAX_VALUE;

         }

 

         // Compute error if this Tree would be leaf

         //计算作为叶节点的训练误差

         errorsLeaf= getEstimatedErrorsForDistribution(localModel().distribution());

 

         // Compute error for the whole subtree

         //计算以以该节点为根的树的训练误差

         errorsTree= getEstimatedErrors();

 

         // Decide if leaf is best choice.

         //判断是否作为叶节点具有更小的误差

         if (Utils.smOrEq(errorsLeaf,errorsTree + 0.1)

                &&Utils.smOrEq(errorsLeaf, errorsLargestBranch + 0.1)) {

 

            // Free son Trees

            m_sons = null;

            m_isLeaf = true;

 

            // Get NoSplit Model for node.

            m_localModel = newNoSplit(localModel().distribution());

            return;

         }

 

         // Decide if largest branch is better choice

         // than whole subtree.

         //判断是否以子树取代具有更小的训练误差

         if (Utils.smOrEq(errorsLargestBranch,errorsTree + 0.1)) {

            largestBranch= son(indexOfLargestBranch);

            m_sons = largestBranch.m_sons;

            m_localModel =largestBranch.localModel();

            m_isLeaf = largestBranch.m_isLeaf;

            newDistribution(m_train);

            prune();//递归的对该节点进行剪枝过程

         }

      }

   }

 

3.2 样本分类

对样本分类主要调用方法distributionForInstance(Instance instance)进行,

public finaldouble[]distributionForInstance(Instance instance)

         throws Exception {

 

      returnm_root.distributionForInstance(instance,m_useLaplace);

   }

这里从根节点开始递归的查找并计算该样例属于每个类的概率,概率最大的类即为该样例所属的类。

过程如下:

public finaldouble[]distributionForInstance(Instanceinstance,

         boolean useLaplace)throws Exception {

 

      double[] doubles =new double[instance.numClasses()];

      //对每个类都要计算概率

      for (int i = 0; i < doubles.length; i++) {

         if (!useLaplace) {

            doubles[i]= getProbs(i, instance, 1);

         }else{

            doubles[i]= getProbsLaplace(i, instance, 1);

         }

      }

      return doubles;

   }

getProbs主要代码如下:

private doublegetProbs(intclassIndex, Instance instance,double weight)

         throws Exception {

 

      double prob = 0;

      //如该节点为叶节点的话直接计算其概率

      if (m_isLeaf) {

         return weight *localModel().classProb(classIndex, instance, -1);

      }else{

         //判断该instance属于哪一个子树

         int treeIndex = localModel().whichSubset(instance);

         if (treeIndex == -1) {

            //这里表示该阳历属于多个子树,则计算其在所有子树中的概率和

            double[] weights =localModel().weights(instance);

            for (int i = 0; i <m_sons.length; i++) {

                if (!son(i).m_isEmpty) {

                   prob+= son(i).getProbs(classIndex, instance, weights[i] * weight);

                }

            }

            return prob;

         }else{

            //找到其对应的子树首先判断节点是否为空,然后计算概率

            if (son(treeIndex).m_isEmpty) {

                return weight * localModel().classProb(classIndex, instance,treeIndex);

            }else{

                return son(treeIndex).getProbs(classIndex,instance, weight);

            }

         }

      }

   }

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