变压器涉及公式学习笔记
绪论
铁磁材料及其特性
- 铁耗(磁滞损耗与涡流损耗之和): p f e = P 1 50 ( f 50 ) β B m 2 G , β = 1.2 ∼ 1.6 , f p_{fe}=P_{\frac{1}{50}}(\frac{f}{50})^\beta B_m^2G,\beta=1.2\sim1.6,f pfe=P501(50f)βBm2G,β=1.2∼1.6,f为频率。
磁路相关的基本物理定律
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磁通连续性原理: ∑ ϕ = 0 \sum\phi=0 ∑ϕ=0。
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全电流定律: H l = N i , Hl=Ni, Hl=Ni,定义 N i Ni Ni为磁路磁动势,则磁路 K V L KVL KVL方程 F = N i = H l F=Ni=Hl F=Ni=Hl。当磁路存在气隙 δ \delta δ则 F = N i = H f e l f e + H δ δ F=Ni=H_{fe}l_{fe}+H_{\delta}\delta F=Ni=Hfelfe+Hδδ。
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磁路欧姆定律与电感:
- { F = ϕ R m N i = F = H l ϕ = B S B = μ H \begin{cases}F=\phi R_m\\Ni=F=Hl\\\phi=BS\\B=\mu H \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧F=ϕRmNi=F=Hlϕ=BSB=μH ⇒ \Rightarrow ⇒ { R m = l μ S Λ m = μ S l , \begin{cases} R_m=\frac{l}{\mu S}\\ \Lambda_m=\frac{\mu S}{l}\end{cases}, {Rm=μSlΛm=lμS,铁磁性物质中 μ \mu μ用 μ f e \mu_{fe} μfe替代
- ψ = N ϕ = N F Λ m = N 2 i Λ m = L i ⇒ L = N 2 Λ m \psi=N\phi=NF\Lambda_m=N^2i\Lambda_m=Li \ \ \ \Rightarrow L=N^2\Lambda_m ψ=Nϕ=NFΛm=N2iΛm=Li ⇒L=N2Λm
- X = ω L = ω N 2 Λ m = ω N 2 μ S l X=\omega L=\omega N^2\Lambda_m=\omega N^2\frac{\mu S}{l} X=ωL=ωN2Λm=ωN2lμS
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电磁感应定律: e = − d ψ d t = − N d ϕ d t e=-\frac{d\psi}{dt}=-N\frac{d\phi}{dt} e=−dtdψ=−Ndtdϕ
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能量转换效率: η = P 2 P 1 = ( 1 − ∑ p P 2 + ∑ p ) , \eta=\frac{P_2}{P_1}=(1-\frac{\sum p}{P_2+\sum p}), η=P1P2=(1−P2+∑p∑p),式中 P 1 P_1 P1为输入功率 P 2 P_2 P2为输出功率 ∑ p \sum p ∑p为总损耗
变压器的基本工作原理和结构
额定值
- 单相: S N = U 1 N I 1 N = U 2 N I 2 N S_N=U_{1N}I_{1N}=U_{2N}I_{2N} SN=U1NI1N=U2NI2N
- 三相: S N = 3 U 1 N I 1 N = 3 U 2 N I 2 N S_N=\sqrt{3}U_{1N}I_{1N}=\sqrt{3}U_{2N}I_{2N} SN=3U1NI1N=3U2NI2N
变压器的运行分析
空载运行
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磁场分析与电动势分析:
- U ˙ 1 → I ˙ 0 → F ˙ 0 = N 1 I ˙ 0 ⇒ { ϕ ˙ → { e 2 = − N 2 d ϕ d t e 1 = − N 1 d ϕ d t ϕ ˙ σ 1 → e σ 1 = − N 1 d ϕ σ 1 d t \dot U_1\rightarrow\dot I_0\rightarrow\dot F_0=N_1\dot I_0\Rightarrow\begin{cases}\dot\phi\rightarrow\begin{cases}e_2=-N_2\frac{d\phi}{dt}\\e_1=-N_1\frac{d\phi}{dt} \end{cases}\\\dot{\phi}_{\sigma_1}\rightarrow e_{\sigma_1}=-N_1\frac{d\phi_{\sigma_1}}{dt} \end{cases} U˙1→I˙0→F˙0=N1I˙0⇒⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧ϕ˙→{e2=−N2dtdϕe1=−N1dtdϕϕ˙σ1→eσ1=−N1dtdϕσ1
- 主磁通感应电势:
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u_0-i_0r_1=e_1+e_{\sigma_1}
u0−i0r1=e1+eσ1
- { ϕ = ϕ m s i n ω t e 1 = − N 1 d ϕ d t ⇒ e 1 = − N 1 ϕ m ω c o s ω t = ω N 1 ϕ m s i n ( ω t − π 2 ) = E 1 m s i n ( ω t − π 2 ) \begin{cases} \phi=\phi_msin\omega t\\e_1=-N_1\frac{d\phi}{dt}\end{cases}\Rightarrow e_1=-N_1\phi_m\omega cos\omega t=\omega N_1\phi_msin(\omega t-\frac{\pi}{2})=E_{1m}sin(\omega t-\frac{\pi}{2}) {ϕ=ϕmsinωte1=−N1dtdϕ⇒e1=−N1ϕmωcosωt=ωN1ϕmsin(ωt−2π)=E1msin(ωt−2π)
- 相量形式: E 1 ˙ = E 1 m ˙ 2 = − j ω N 1 ϕ ˙ m 2 = − j 4.44 f N 1 ϕ ˙ m \dot{E_1}=\frac{\dot{E_{1m}}}{\sqrt{2}}=-j\frac{\omega N_1\dot\phi_m}{\sqrt{2}}=-j4.44fN_1\dot\phi_m E1˙=2E1m˙=−j2ωN1ϕ˙m=−j4.44fN1ϕ˙m
- 漏电动势分析:
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\phi_{\sigma_1}=\phi_{\sigma_{1m}}sin\omega t
ϕσ1=ϕσ1msinωt
- e σ 1 = − N 1 d ϕ σ 1 d t = ω N 1 ϕ σ 1 m s i n ( ω t − π 2 ) = E 1 m s i n ( ω t − π 2 ) ) e_{\sigma_1}=-N_1\frac{d\phi_{\sigma_1}}{dt}=\omega N_1\phi_{\sigma_{1m}}sin(\omega t-\frac{\pi}{2})=E_{1m}sin(\omega t-\frac{\pi}{2})) eσ1=−N1dtdϕσ1=ωN1ϕσ1msin(ωt−2π)=E1msin(ωt−2π))
- 相量形式: E ˙ σ 1 = E ˙ σ 1 m 2 = − j ω N 1 ϕ ˙ σ 1 m 2 = − j 4.44 f N 1 ϕ ˙ σ 1 m \dot E_{\sigma_1}=\frac{\dot E_{\sigma_{1m}}}{\sqrt{2}}=-j\frac{\omega N_1\dot\phi_{\sigma_{1m}}}{\sqrt{2}}=-j4.44fN_1\dot\phi_{\sigma_{1m}} E˙σ1=2E˙σ1m=−j2ωN1ϕ˙σ1m=−j4.44fN1ϕ˙σ1m
- 漏电抗: E ˙ σ 1 = − j ω N 1 ϕ ˙ σ 1 m 2 ⋅ I 0 ˙ I 0 ˙ = − j ω N 1 ϕ σ 1 m 2 I 0 = − j ω L σ 1 I 0 ˙ = − j x 1 I 0 ˙ \dot E_{\sigma_1}=-j\frac{\omega N_1\dot\phi_{\sigma_{1m}}}{\sqrt{2}}\cdot \frac{\dot{I_0}}{\dot{I_0}}=-j\frac{\omega N_1\phi_{\sigma_{1m}}}{\sqrt{2}I_0}=-j\omega L_{\sigma_1}\dot{I_0}=-jx_1\dot{I_0} E˙σ1=−j2ωN1ϕ˙σ1m⋅I0˙I0˙=−j2I0ωN1ϕσ1m=−jωLσ1I0˙=−jx1I0˙其中 L σ 1 = N 1 ϕ σ 1 m 2 I 0 L_{\sigma_1}=\frac{N_1\phi_{\sigma_{1m}}}{\sqrt{2}I_0} Lσ1=2I0N1ϕσ1m称为原绕组的漏电感, x 1 = ω L σ 1 = ω N 1 2 Λ σ 1 x_1=\omega L_{\sigma_1}=\omega N_1^2\Lambda_{\sigma_1} x1=ωLσ1=ωN12Λσ1称为原绕组的漏电抗,其大小不随电流大小变化。
- 电动势平衡方程式:
- 原边: U ˙ 1 = − E ˙ 1 − E ˙ σ 1 + I ˙ 0 r 1 = − E ˙ 1 + I ˙ 0 ( r 1 + j x 1 ) = − E 1 ˙ + I 0 ˙ z 1 , z 1 \dot U_1=-\dot E_1-\dot E_{\sigma_1}+\dot I_0r_1=-\dot E_1+\dot I_0(r_1+jx_1)=-\dot{E_1}+\dot{I_0}z_1,z_1 U˙1=−E˙1−E˙σ1+I˙0r1=−E˙1+I˙0(r1+jx1)=−E1˙+I0˙z1,z1称为原绕组的漏阻抗。
- 副边:因为空载, U ˙ 20 = E ˙ 2 \dot U_{20}=\dot E_2 U˙20=E˙2
- 空载电流很小所以可认为 { U ˙ 1 ≈ − E ˙ 1 U 1 ≈ E 1 = 4.44 f N 1 ϕ m \begin{cases} \dot U_1\approx-\dot E_1\\ U_1\approx E_1=4.44fN_1\phi_m\end{cases} {U˙1≈−E˙1U1≈E1=4.44fN1ϕm
- 变压器变比:定义为原边电动势与副边电动势之比 k = E 1 E 2 = 4.44 f N 1 ϕ m 4.44 f N 2 ϕ m = N 1 N 2 k=\frac{E_1}{E_2}=\frac{4.44fN_1\phi_m}{4.44fN_2\phi_m}=\frac{N_1}{N_2} k=E2E1=4.44fN2ϕm4.44fN1ϕm=N2N1
- 空载电流分析
- 大小: I 0 = E 1 r m 2 + x m 2 ≈ U 1 r m 2 + x m 2 I_0=\frac{E_1}{\sqrt{r_m^2+x_m^2}}\approx\frac{U_1}{\sqrt{r_m^2+x_m^2}} I0=rm2+xm2E1≈rm2+xm2U1
- 相位: I ˙ 0 = − E ˙ 1 r m + j x m = − E ˙ 1 ∣ Z m ∣ ∠ − ψ 0 \dot I_0=\frac{-\dot E_1}{r_m+jx_m}=\frac{-\dot E_1}{|Z_m|}\angle-\psi_0 I˙0=rm+jxm−E˙1=∣Zm∣−E˙1∠−ψ0,由于 x m > > r m x_m>>r_m xm>>rm,所以 ψ 0 = t g − 1 x m r m \psi_0=tg^{-1}\frac{x_m}{r_m} ψ0=tg−1rmxm接近 9 0 。 90^。 90。
- 空载运行方程式: { U ˙ 1 = − E ˙ 1 + I ˙ 0 Z 1 E ˙ 1 = − j 4.44 f N 1 ϕ ˙ m I ˙ 0 = − E ˙ 1 Z m E ˙ 2 = − j 4.44 f N 2 ϕ ˙ m U ˙ 20 = E ˙ 2 \begin{cases} \dot U_1=-\dot E_1+\dot I_0Z_1\\ \dot E_1=-j4.44fN_1\dot\phi_m\\ \dot I_0=\frac{-\dot E_1}{Z_m}\\ \dot E_2=-j4.44fN_2\dot\phi_m\\ \dot U_{20}=\dot E_2 \end{cases} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧U˙1=−E˙1+I˙0Z1E˙1=−j4.44fN1ϕ˙mI˙0=Zm−E˙1E˙2=−j4.44fN2ϕ˙mU˙20=E˙2
负载运行
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电磁分析及基本方程:
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电势分析及电势平衡:
- U ˙ 1 → I ˙ 1 → F ˙ 1 = N 1 I ˙ 1 → ϕ σ 1 → E ˙ σ 1 U ˙ 2 → I ˙ 2 → F ˙ 2 = N 2 I ˙ 2 → ϕ σ 2 → E ˙ σ 2 \dot U_1\rightarrow\dot I_1\rightarrow\dot F_1=N_1\dot I_1\rightarrow\phi_{\sigma_1}\rightarrow \dot E_{\sigma_1}\\\dot U_2\rightarrow\dot I_2\rightarrow\dot F_2=N_2\dot I_2\rightarrow\phi_{\sigma_2}\rightarrow \dot E_{\sigma_2} U˙1→I˙1→F˙1=N1I˙1→ϕσ1→E˙σ1U˙2→I˙2→F˙2=N2I˙2→ϕσ2→E˙σ2
- F ˙ m = F ˙ 1 + F ˙ 2 = N 1 I ˙ m → ϕ m → { E ˙ 1 E ˙ 2 \dot F_m=\dot F_1+\dot F_2=N_1\dot I_m\rightarrow\phi_m\rightarrow\begin{cases}\dot E_1\\ \dot E_2\end{cases} F˙m=F˙1+F˙2=N1I˙m→ϕm→{E˙1E˙2
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基本方程:
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电动势平衡方程式:
{ U ˙ 1 = − ( E ˙ 1 + E ˙ σ 1 ) + I ˙ 1 r 1 = − E ˙ 1 + I ˙ 1 r 1 + j I ˙ 1 x 1 = − E ˙ 1 + I ˙ 1 z 1 U ˙ 2 = ( E ˙ 2 + E ˙ σ 2 ) − I ˙ 2 r 2 = E ˙ 2 − I ˙ 2 r 2 − j I ˙ 2 x 2 = E ˙ 2 − I ˙ 2 z 2 U ˙ 2 = I ˙ 2 z 2 \begin{cases}\dot U_1=-(\dot E_1+\dot E_{\sigma_1})+\dot I_1r_1=-\dot E_1+\dot I_1r_1+j\dot I_1x_1=-\dot E_1+\dot I_1z_1\\ \dot U_2=(\dot E_2+\dot E_{\sigma_2})-\dot I_2r_2=\dot E_2-\dot I_2r_2-j\dot I_2x_2=\dot E_2-\dot I_2z_2\\ \dot U_2=\dot I_2z_2\end{cases} ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧U˙1=−(E˙1+E˙σ1)+I˙1r1=−E˙1+I˙1r1+jI˙1x1=−E˙1+I˙1z1U˙2=(E˙2+E˙σ2)−I˙2r2=E˙2−I˙2r2−jI˙2x2=E˙2−I˙2z2U˙2=I˙2z2
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七个基本方程: { U ˙ 1 = − E ˙ 1 + I 1 z 1 U ˙ 2 = E ˙ 2 − I ˙ 2 z 2 E ˙ 1 = − j 4.44 f N 1 ϕ m E ˙ 2 = E ˙ 1 / k I ˙ 1 = I ˙ m + ( − I ˙ 2 / k ) I ˙ m = − E ˙ 1 / z m U ˙ 2 = I ˙ 2 Z L \begin{cases} \dot U_1=-\dot E_1+I_1z_1\\ \dot U_2=\dot E_2-\dot I_2z_2\\ \dot E_1=-j4.44fN_1\phi_m\\ \dot E_2=\dot E_1/k\\ \dot I_1=\dot I_m+(-\dot I_2/k)\\ \dot I_m=-\dot E_1/z_m\\ \dot U_2=\dot I_2Z_L\end{cases} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧U˙1=−E˙1+I1z1U˙2=E˙2−I˙2z2E˙1=−j4.44fN1ϕmE˙2=E˙1/kI˙1=I˙m+(−I˙2/k)I˙m=−E˙1/zmU˙2=I˙2ZL
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等效归算规律:
- 凡是单位为伏特的物理量的归算值等于其原来的 k k k倍,如 U ˙ ′ = k U ˙ \dot U'=k\dot U U˙′=kU˙
- 电流的归算值等于其原来的 1 k \frac1k k1倍,如 I ˙ ′ = 1 k I ˙ \dot I'=\frac1k\dot I I˙′=k1I˙
- 凡是单位为欧姆的物理量的归算值等于其原来的 k 2 k^2 k2倍,及 Z ′ = k 2 Z Z'=k^2Z Z′=k2Z
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等效归算后的方程: { U ˙ 1 = − E ˙ 1 + I 1 z 1 U ˙ 2 ′ = E ˙ 2 ′ − I ˙ 2 ′ z 2 ′ E ˙ 1 = − j 4.44 f N 1 ϕ m E ˙ 2 ′ = E ˙ 1 I ˙ 1 = I ˙ m + ( − I ˙ 2 ′ ) I ˙ m = − E ˙ 1 / z m U ˙ 2 ′ = I ˙ 2 ′ Z L ′ \begin{cases} \dot U_1=-\dot E_1+I_1z_1\\ \dot U'_2=\dot E'_2-\dot I'_2z'_2\\ \dot E_1=-j4.44fN_1\phi_m\\ \dot E'_2=\dot E_1\\ \dot I_1=\dot I_m+(-\dot I'_2)\\ \dot I_m=-\dot E_1/z_m\\ \dot U'_2=\dot I'_2Z'_L\end{cases} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧U˙1=−E˙1+I1z1U˙2′=E˙2′−I˙2′z2′E˙1=−j4.44fN1ϕmE˙2′=E˙1I˙1=I˙m+(−I˙2′)I˙m=−E˙1/zmU˙2′=I˙2′ZL′
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功率分析: { P 1 = U 1 I 1 c o s φ 1 = p C u 1 + p f e + P M P 2 = P M − p c u 2 = U 2 ′ I 2 ′ c o s φ 2 P M = E 2 ′ I 2 ′ c o s ψ 2 p c u 1 = I 1 2 r 1 p c u 2 = I 2 ′ 2 r 2 ′ p f e = I m 2 r m \begin{cases}P_1=U_1I_1cos\varphi_1=p_{Cu1}+p_{fe}+P_M\\P_2=P_M-p_{cu2}=U'_2I'_2cos\varphi_2\\P_M=E'_2I'_2cos\psi_2\\p_{cu1}=I_1^2r_1\\p_{cu2}=I'^2_2r'_2\\p_{fe}=I_m^2r_m\end{cases} ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧P1=U1I1cosφ1=pCu1+pfe+PMP2=PM−pcu2=U2′I2′cosφ2PM=E2′I2′cosψ2pcu1=I12r1pcu2=I2′2r2′pfe=Im2rm
参数测定
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空载实验:
- 参数计算:
- p f e = p 0 − p c u 1 ≈ p 0 = I 0 2 r m ⇒ r m = p 0 I 0 2 p_{fe}=p_0-p_{cu1}\approx p_0=I_0^2r_m\Rightarrow r_m=\frac{p_0}{I_0^2} pfe=p0−pcu1≈p0=I02rm⇒rm=I02p0
- 空载总阻抗: z 0 = z 1 + z m ≈ z m = U 1 N I 0 z_0=z_1+z_m\approx z_m=\frac{U_{1N}}{I_0} z0=z1+zm≈zm=I0U1N
- 激磁电抗: x m ≈ x 0 = z 0 2 − r 0 2 x_m\approx x_0=\sqrt{z_0^2-r_0^2} xm≈x0=z02−r02
- k = 高 压 边 匝 数 低 压 边 匝 数 = 高 压 边 电 动 势 低 压 边 电 动 势 ≈ U 20 U 1 N k=\frac{高压边匝数}{低压边匝数}=\frac{高压边电动势}{低压边电动势}\approx\frac{U_{20}}{U_{1N}} k=低压边匝数高压边匝数=低压边电动势高压边电动势≈U1NU20
- 参数计算:
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短路实验
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参数计算:
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负载损耗: p k = p c u 1 + p c u 2 + p f e ≈ p c u 1 + p c u 2 p_k=p_{cu1}+p_{cu2}+p_{fe}\approx p_{cu1}+p_{cu2} pk=pcu1+pcu2+pfe≈pcu1+pcu2, I 1 = I 1 N I_1=I_{1N} I1=I1N时,功率损耗为额定的负载损耗 p k N p_{kN} pkN,所以稳态短路时 p k = p c u 1 + p c u 2 + p f e ≈ p c u 1 + p c u 2 = p k N p_k=p_{cu1}+p_{cu2}+p_{fe}\approx p_{cu1}+p_{cu2}=p_{kN} pk=pcu1+pcu2+pfe≈pcu1+pcu2=pkN
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漏阻抗: z k = U K I K z_k=\frac{U_K}{I_K} zk=IKUK
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短路电阻: r k = p k I k 2 r_k=\frac{p_k}{I_k^2} rk=Ik2pk
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短路阻抗: x k = z k 2 − r k 2 x_k=\sqrt{z_k^2-r_k^2} xk=zk2−rk2
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若要分离原副绕组的阻抗值,则 { r 1 = r 2 ′ = r k 2 x 1 = x 2 ′ = x k 2 \begin{cases} r_1=r'_2=\frac{r_k}2\\ x_1=x'_2=\frac{x_k}2\end{cases} {r1=r2′=2rkx1=x2′=2xk
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由于电阻受温度影响,实际油浸电力变压器工作温度为75℃,所以:
{ r k 75 ℃ = r k 235 + 75 235 + θ z k 75 ℃ = r 75 ℃ 2 + x k 2 \begin{cases} r_{k75℃}=r_k\frac{235+75}{235+\theta}\\ z_{k75℃}=\sqrt{r^2_{75℃}+x_k^2}\end{cases} {rk75℃=rk235+θ235+75zk75℃=r75℃2+xk2
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三相变压器计算激磁阻抗时应用一相的功率,电压,电流计算
变压器运行性能
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阻抗电压: u k = I 1 N Z k 75 ℃ U 1 N ⋅ 100 % = Z k 75 ℃ Z 1 N = Z k 75 ℃ ∗ u k r = I 1 N r k 75 ℃ U 1 N ⋅ 100 % = r k 75 ℃ ∗ u k x = I 1 N x k U 1 N ⋅ 100 % = x k ∗ u_k=\frac{I_{1N}Z_{k75℃}}{U_{1N}}\cdot 100%=\frac{Z_{k75℃}}{Z_{1N}}=Z^*_{k75℃}\\u_{kr}=\frac{I_{1N}r_{k75℃}}{U_{1N}}\cdot 100%=r^*_{k75℃}\\u_{kx}=\frac{I_{1N}x_k}{U_{1N}}\cdot 100%=x^*_k uk=U1NI1NZk75℃⋅100%=Z1NZk75℃=Zk75℃∗ukr=U1NI1Nrk75℃⋅100%=rk75℃∗ukx=U1NI1Nxk⋅100%=xk∗
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电压调整率:
- 定义: Δ U = U 20 − U 2 U 2 N ⋅ 100 % = U 2 N − U 2 U 2 N ⋅ 100 % = U 2 N ′ − U 2 ′ U 2 N ′ ⋅ 100 % = U 1 N − U 2 ′ U 1 N ⋅ 100 % \Delta U=\frac{U_{20}-U_2}{U_{2N}}\cdot100%=\frac{U_{2N}-U_2}{U_{2N}}\cdot100%=\frac{U'_{2N}-U'_2}{U'_{2N}}\cdot100%=\frac{U_{1N}-U'_2}{U_{1N}}\cdot100% ΔU=U2NU20−U2⋅100%=U2NU2N−U2⋅100%=U2N′U2N′−U2′⋅100%=U1NU1N−U2′⋅100%
- 由一般变压器 φ 1 ≈ φ 2 \varphi_1\approx\varphi_2 φ1≈φ2可得: Δ U ≈ I 1 r k c o s φ 2 + I 1 x k s i n φ 2 U 1 N = β u k r c o s φ 2 + β u k x s i n φ 2 \Delta U\approx\frac{I_1r_kcos\varphi_2+I_1x_ksin\varphi_2}{U_{1N}}=\beta u_{kr}cos\varphi_2+\beta u_{kx}sin\varphi_2 ΔU≈U1NI1rkcosφ2+I1xksinφ2=βukrcosφ2+βukxsinφ2,其中 β = I 1 I 1 N = I 2 I 2 N \beta=\frac{I_1}{I_{1N}}=\frac{I_2}{I_{2N}} β=I1NI1=I2NI2
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变压器损耗与效率:
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效率: η = P 1 P 2 ⋅ 100 % = ( 1 − p f e + p c u p 2 + p f e + p c u ) ⋅ 100 % \eta=\frac{P_1}{P_2}\cdot100%=(1-\frac{p_{fe}+p_{cu}}{p_2+p_{fe}+p_{cu}})\cdot100% η=P2P1⋅100%=(1−p2+pfe+pcupfe+pcu)⋅100%
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假定:
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计算 P 2 P_2 P2时忽略负载时 U 2 U_2 U2的变化。即:
P 2 = U 2 I 2 c o s φ 2 ≈ U 2 N I 2 N ( I 2 I 2 N ) c o s φ 2 = β S N c o s φ 2 P_2=U_2I_2cos\varphi_2\approx U_{2N}I_{2N}(\frac{I_2}{I_{2N}})cos\varphi_2=\beta S_Ncos\varphi_2 P2=U2I2cosφ2≈U2NI2N(I2NI2)cosφ2=βSNcosφ2
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认为空载到负载,主磁通基本不变且忽略空载铜耗的影响:
p f e = P 0 = 常 数 p_{fe}=P_0=常数 pfe=P0=常数
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认为额定负载时的负载损耗等于额定电流时的短路损耗,稳态短路实验室外电压低磁密小,故忽略铁耗:
p c u = I 1 2 r k = ( I 1 I 1 N ) 2 I 1 N 2 r k = β p k N p_{cu}=I_1^2r_k=(\frac{I_1}{I_{1N}})^2I_{1N}^2r_k=\beta p_{kN} pcu=I12rk=(I1NI1)2I1N2rk=βpkN
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从而 η = ( 1 − p 0 + β 2 p k N β S N c o s φ 2 + p 0 + β 2 p k N ) ⋅ 100 % \eta=(1-\frac{p_0+\beta^2p_{kN}}{\beta S_Ncos\varphi_2+p_0+\beta^2p_{kN}})\cdot100% η=(1−βSNcosφ2+p0+β2pkNp0+β2pkN)⋅100%
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令 d η d β = 0 \frac{d\eta}{d\beta}=0 dβdη=0
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则最大值条件为: p 0 = β 2 p k N 或 β = p 0 p k N p_0=\beta^2p_{kN}或\beta=\sqrt{\frac{p_0}{p_{kN}}} p0=β2pkN或β=pkNp0
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最大值为:
η m a x = [ 1 − 2 p 0 p 0 p k N S N c o s φ 2 + 2 p 0 ] \eta_{max}=[1-\frac{2p_0}{\sqrt{\frac{p_0}{p_{kN}}}S_Ncos\varphi_2+2p_0}] ηmax=[1−pkNp0SNcosφ2+2p02p0]
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