JDK源码阅读02---------String

版本:JDK1.8

1.String类简述

String类表示字符串。所有Java程序中的字符串文字,如"abc",都是该类的实例。
String类是不可变(final)的,对String类的任何改变,都是返回一个新的String类对象.

2.源码阅读

  • 1.String类的实现、继承情况:
public final class String
    implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<String>, CharSequence

java.io.Serializable:这个序列化接口没有任何方法和域,仅用于标识序列化的语意。
Comparable<String>:这个接口只有一个compareTo(T 0)接口,用于对两个实例化对象比较大小。
CharSequence:这个接口是一个只读的字符序列。CharSequence只包括了以下几个API接口:length()charAt(intindex)subSequence(intstart,intend)另外,除了String实现了CharSequence之外,StringBufferStringBuilder也实现了CharSequence接口。

  • 2.主要变量
    /** 用于存储String的内容 */
    private final char value[];

    /** String实例hashcode的缓存 */
    private int hash; // 默认值为 0

    /** 序列化 */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -6849794470754667710L;

    /**
     *用于声明类的可序列化字段
     */
    private static final ObjectStreamField[] serialPersistentFields =
        new ObjectStreamField[0];
        
	/**
     *其根本就是持有一个静态内部类(CaseInsensitiveComparator),用于忽略大小写得比较两个字符串。
     */
	public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
                                         = new CaseInsensitiveComparator();
  • 3.内部类
    String中的内部类CaseInsensitiveComparator主要作用就是复用忽略大小写比较方法compareToIgnoreCase(String str)
public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
                                         = new CaseInsensitiveComparator();
    private static class CaseInsensitiveComparator
            implements Comparator<String>, java.io.Serializable {
        // use serialVersionUID from JDK 1.2.2 for interoperability
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 8575799808933029326L;

        public int compare(String s1, String s2) {
            int n1 = s1.length();
            int n2 = s2.length();
            int min = Math.min(n1, n2);
            for (int i = 0; i < min; i++) {
                char c1 = s1.charAt(i);
                char c2 = s2.charAt(i);
                if (c1 != c2) {
                    c1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                    c2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                    if (c1 != c2) {
                        c1 = Character.toLowerCase(c1);
                        c2 = Character.toLowerCase(c2);
                        if (c1 != c2) {
                            // No overflow because of numeric promotion
                            return c1 - c2;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return n1 - n2;
        }

        /** Replaces the de-serialized object. */
        private Object readResolve() { return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER; }
    }
  • 4.方法

  • 4.1构造方法
     String支持多种初始化方法,包括接收String,char[],byte[],StringBuffer等多种参数类型的初始化方法。但本质上,其实就是将接收到的参数传递给全局变量value[],不建议使用new关键字创建String实例,因为String是不可变的。

    public String() {
        this.value = "".value;
    }
    
    public String(String original) {
        this.value = original.value;
        this.hash = original.hash;
    }
    
    public String(char value[]) {
        this.value = Arrays.copyOf(value, value.length);
    }

    public String(char value[], int offset, int count) {
        if (offset < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
            if (count < 0) {
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
            }
            if (offset <= value.length) {
                this.value = "".value;
                return;
            }
        }
        // Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
        if (offset > value.length - count) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
        }
        this.value = Arrays.copyOfRange(value, offset, offset+count);
    }
    
    public String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count) {
        if (offset < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        }
        if (count <= 0) {
            if (count < 0) {
                throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(count);
            }
            if (offset <= codePoints.length) {
                this.value = "".value;
                return;
            }
        }
        // Note: offset or count might be near -1>>>1.
        if (offset > codePoints.length - count) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + count);
        }
        final int end = offset + count;
        // Pass 1: Compute precise size of char[]
        int n = count;
        for (int i = offset; i < end; i++) {
            int c = codePoints[i];
            if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
                continue;
            else if (Character.isValidCodePoint(c))
                n++;
            else throw new IllegalArgumentException(Integer.toString(c));
        }
        // Pass 2: Allocate and fill in char[]
        final char[] v = new char[n];
        for (int i = offset, j = 0; i < end; i++, j++) {
            int c = codePoints[i];
            if (Character.isBmpCodePoint(c))
                v[j] = (char)c;
            else
                Character.toSurrogates(c, v, j++);
        }
        this.value = v;
    }

    @Deprecated
    public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte, int offset, int count) {
        checkBounds(ascii, offset, count);
        char value[] = new char[count];

        if (hibyte == 0) {
            for (int i = count; i-- > 0;) {
                value[i] = (char)(ascii[i + offset] & 0xff);
            }
        } else {
            hibyte <<= 8;
            for (int i = count; i-- > 0;) {
                value[i] = (char)(hibyte | (ascii[i + offset] & 0xff));
            }
        }
        this.value = value;
    }

    @Deprecated
    public String(byte ascii[], int hibyte) {
        this(ascii, hibyte, 0, ascii.length);
    }

    private static void checkBounds(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length) {
        if (length < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(length);
        if (offset < 0)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset);
        if (offset > bytes.length - length)
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(offset + length);
    }
    
    public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, String charsetName)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        if (charsetName == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("charsetName");
        checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
        this.value = StringCoding.decode(charsetName, bytes, offset, length);
    }

    public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length, Charset charset) {
        if (charset == null)
            throw new NullPointerException("charset");
        checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
        this.value =  StringCoding.decode(charset, bytes, offset, length);
    }

    public String(byte bytes[], String charsetName)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, charsetName);
    }

    public String(byte bytes[], Charset charset) {
        this(bytes, 0, bytes.length, charset);
    }

    public String(byte bytes[], int offset, int length) {
        checkBounds(bytes, offset, length);
        this.value = StringCoding.decode(bytes, offset, length);
    }
    
    public String(byte bytes[]) {
        this(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
    }
    
    public String(StringBuffer buffer) {
        synchronized(buffer) {
            this.value = Arrays.copyOf(buffer.getValue(), buffer.length());
        }
    }
    
    public String(StringBuilder builder) {
        this.value = Arrays.copyOf(builder.getValue(), builder.length());
    }
    
    String(char[] value, boolean share) {
        // assert share : "unshared not supported";
        this.value = value;
    }
  • 4.2常用方法
    知道了String其实内部是通过char[]实现的,那么就不难发现length(),isEmpty(),charAt()这些方法其实就是在内部调用数组的方法。
	/**
     * 字符串长度
     */
    public int length() {
        return value.length;
    }

    /**
     *判断是否为空
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return value.length == 0;
    }

    /**
     *获取指定下标字符
     */
    public char charAt(int index) {
        if ((index < 0) || (index >= value.length)) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(index);
        }
        return value[index];
    }

将字符串复制到指定数组中,可以看到,这个两个重载方法本质上都是调用System.arraycopy()这个函数,包括在jdk很多其他源码中都是这样,比如ThreadPoolExcuter,看似有很多个重载,其实本质上都是调用同样的一个函数,只是会给你不同的默认初始值。

 /**
     *将字符串复制到dst数组中,复制到dst数组中的起始位置可以指定。值得注意的是,该方法并没有检测复制到dst数组后是否越界
     */
    void getChars(char dst[], int dstBegin) {
        System.arraycopy(value, 0, dst, dstBegin, value.length);
    }

    /**
     * 该方法的作用是将当前字符串从srcBegin到srcEnd-1位置上的字符复制到字符数组dst中,并从dst的dstBegin处开始存放
     */
    public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char dst[], int dstBegin) {
        if (srcBegin < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
        }
        if (srcEnd > value.length) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
        }
        if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
        }
        System.arraycopy(value, srcBegin, dst, dstBegin, srcEnd - srcBegin);
    }

将String字符串转成二进制的几种方式,可以指定byte数组,也能让其返回一个byte数组。本质上,其实都是调用了StringCoding.encode()这个静态方法。

  /**
     * 这个方法不能正确地将字符转换成字节。在jdk 1.1中,它使用平台的默认字符集。
     * 现已过时,不建议使用
     */ 
	@Deprecated
    public void getBytes(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, byte dst[], int dstBegin) {
        if (srcBegin < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcBegin);
        }
        if (srcEnd > value.length) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd);
        }
        if (srcBegin > srcEnd) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(srcEnd - srcBegin);
        }
        Objects.requireNonNull(dst);
        int j = dstBegin;
        int n = srcEnd;
        int i = srcBegin;
        char[] val = value;   /* avoid getfield opcode */
        while (i < n) {
            dst[j++] = (byte)val[i++];
        }
    }

    /**
     * @charsetName :指定字符集
     */
    public byte[] getBytes(String charsetName)
            throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        if (charsetName == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        return StringCoding.encode(charsetName, value, 0, value.length);
    }
    
    public byte[] getBytes(Charset charset) {
        if (charset == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        return StringCoding.encode(charset, value, 0, value.length);
    }

    public byte[] getBytes() {
        return StringCoding.encode(value, 0, value.length);
    }

String中重写equals()与hashCod()方法

	/**
     * 只比较String中value数组每个字符的值,相同为true
     */
    public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
        if (this == anObject) {
            return true;
        }
        if (anObject instanceof String) {
            String anotherString = (String)anObject;
            int n = value.length;
            if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
                char v1[] = value;
                char v2[] = anotherString.value;
                int i = 0;
                while (n-- != 0) {
                    if (v1[i] != v2[i])
                        return false;
                    i++;
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * 重写hashCode计算方法
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        int h = hash;
        if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
            char val[] = value;
            for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
                h = 31 * h + val[i];
            }
            hash = h;
        }
        return h;
    }

String中其他比较、匹配方法,比如contentEquals(CharSequence cs)contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)

	/**
     * 比较内容
     */
    public boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb) {
        return contentEquals((CharSequence)sb);
    }
    private boolean nonSyncContentEquals(AbstractStringBuilder sb) {
        char v1[] = value;
        char v2[] = sb.getValue();
        int n = v1.length;
        if (n != sb.length()) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (v1[i] != v2[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 先判断实例,再对比
     */
    public boolean contentEquals(CharSequence cs) {
        // Argument is a StringBuffer, StringBuilder
        if (cs instanceof AbstractStringBuilder) {
            if (cs instanceof StringBuffer) {
                synchronized(cs) {
                   return nonSyncContentEquals((AbstractStringBuilder)cs);
                }
            } else {
                return nonSyncContentEquals((AbstractStringBuilder)cs);
            }
        }
        // Argument is a String
        if (cs instanceof String) {
            return equals(cs);
        }
        // Argument is a generic CharSequence
        char v1[] = value;
        int n = v1.length;
        if (n != cs.length()) {
            return false;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            if (v1[i] != cs.charAt(i)) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 不区分大小写比较内容
     */
    public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString) {
        return (this == anotherString) ? true
                : (anotherString != null)
                && (anotherString.value.length == value.length)
                && regionMatches(true, 0, anotherString, 0, value.length);
    }

    /**
     *区分大小写比较内容,其核心就是那个while循环,通过从第一个开始比较每一个字符,当遇到第一个较小的字符时,判定该字符串小。
     */
    public int compareTo(String anotherString) {
        int len1 = value.length;
        int len2 = anotherString.value.length;
        int lim = Math.min(len1, len2);
        char v1[] = value;
        char v2[] = anotherString.value;

        int k = 0;
        while (k < lim) {
            char c1 = v1[k];
            char c2 = v2[k];
            if (c1 != c2) {
                return c1 - c2;
            }
            k++;
        }
        return len1 - len2;
    }
    
    /**
     * 不区分大小写比较
     */
    public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str) {
        return CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER.compare(this, str);
    }

    /**
     * 比较该字符串和其他一个字符串从分别指定地点开始的n个字符是否相等。看代码可知道,其原理还是通过一个while去循环对应的比较区域进行判断,但在比较之前会做判定,判定给定参数是否越界。
     */
    public boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset,
            int len) {
        char ta[] = value;
        int to = toffset;
        char pa[] = other.value;
        int po = ooffset;
        // Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
        if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
                || (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
                || (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len)) {
            return false;
        }
        while (len-- > 0) {
            if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 比较该字符串和其他一个字符串从分别指定地点开始的n个字符是否相等。看代码可知道,其原理还是通过一个while去循环对应的比较区域进行判断,但在比较之前会做判定,判定给定参数是否越界。
     */
    public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset,
            String other, int ooffset, int len) {
        char ta[] = value;
        int to = toffset;
        char pa[] = other.value;
        int po = ooffset;
        // Note: toffset, ooffset, or len might be near -1>>>1.
        if ((ooffset < 0) || (toffset < 0)
                || (toffset > (long)value.length - len)
                || (ooffset > (long)other.value.length - len)) {
            return false;
        }
        while (len-- > 0) {
            char c1 = ta[to++];
            char c2 = pa[po++];
            if (c1 == c2) {
                continue;
            }
            if (ignoreCase) {
                // If characters don't match but case may be ignored,
                // try converting both characters to uppercase.
                // If the results match, then the comparison scan should
                // continue.
                char u1 = Character.toUpperCase(c1);
                char u2 = Character.toUpperCase(c2);
                if (u1 == u2) {
                    continue;
                }
                // Unfortunately, conversion to uppercase does not work properly
                // for the Georgian alphabet, which has strange rules about case
                // conversion.  So we need to make one last check before
                // exiting.
                if (Character.toLowerCase(u1) == Character.toLowerCase(u2)) {
                    continue;
                }
            }
            return false;
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 匹配以某一段字符串开头
     */
    public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset) {
        char ta[] = value;
        int to = toffset;
        char pa[] = prefix.value;
        int po = 0;
        int pc = prefix.value.length;
        // Note: toffset might be near -1>>>1.
        if ((toffset < 0) || (toffset > value.length - pc)) {
            return false;
        }
        while (--pc >= 0) {
            if (ta[to++] != pa[po++]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * 匹配以某一段字符串开头
     */
    public boolean startsWith(String prefix) {
        return startsWith(prefix, 0);
    }

    /**
     *匹配以某一段字符串结尾
     */
    public boolean endsWith(String suffix) {
        return startsWith(suffix, value.length - suffix.value.length);
    }

索引位置查找,String中Index相关方法,主要实现思路是遍历char数组,返回当前字符的索引,当所要搜索的对象是一个字符串时,先是进行一系列的初始判定,比如子串长度不能大于当前字符串。然后在当前字符串中找到子串的第一个字符的位置 i ,从这个位置开始,和子串每一个字符比较。若完全匹配,则返回结果,如果在这个过程中,某个字符不匹配,则从 i+1 的位置开始继续寻找子串第一个字符的位置,后继续比较。

    public int indexOf(String str) {
        if (coder() == str.coder()) {
            return isLatin1() ? StringLatin1.indexOf(value, str.value)
                              : StringUTF16.indexOf(value, str.value);
        }
        if (coder() == LATIN1) {  // str.coder == UTF16
            return -1;
        }
        return StringUTF16.indexOfLatin1(value, str.value);
    }
 
.........>省略部分代码<...................

    static int lastIndexOf(byte[] src, byte srcCoder, int srcCount,
                           String tgtStr, int fromIndex) {
        byte[] tgt = tgtStr.value;
        byte tgtCoder = tgtStr.coder();
        int tgtCount = tgtStr.length();
        /*
         * Check arguments; return immediately where possible. For
         * consistency, don't check for null str.
         */
        int rightIndex = srcCount - tgtCount;
        if (fromIndex > rightIndex) {
            fromIndex = rightIndex;
        }
        if (fromIndex < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        /* Empty string always matches. */
        if (tgtCount == 0) {
            return fromIndex;
        }
        if (srcCoder == tgtCoder) {
            return srcCoder == LATIN1
                ? StringLatin1.lastIndexOf(src, srcCount, tgt, tgtCount, fromIndex)
                : StringUTF16.lastIndexOf(src, srcCount, tgt, tgtCount, fromIndex);
        }
        if (srcCoder == LATIN1) {    // && tgtCoder == UTF16
            return -1;
        }
        // srcCoder == UTF16 && tgtCoder == LATIN1
        return StringUTF16.lastIndexOfLatin1(src, srcCount, tgt, tgtCount, fromIndex);
    }

	public boolean contains(CharSequence s) {
        return indexOf(s.toString()) > -1;
    }

截取操作,字符串中的substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex),这个方法可以返回字符串中一个子串,看最后一行可以发现,其实就是指定头尾,然后构造一个新的字符串。

   public String substring(int beginIndex) {
        if (beginIndex < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
        }
        int subLen = value.length - beginIndex;
        if (subLen < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
        }
        return (beginIndex == 0) ? this : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen);
    }
    
    public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        if (beginIndex < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(beginIndex);
        }
        if (endIndex > value.length) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(endIndex);
        }
        int subLen = endIndex - beginIndex;
        if (subLen < 0) {
            throw new StringIndexOutOfBoundsException(subLen);
        }
        return ((beginIndex == 0) && (endIndex == value.length)) ? this
                : new String(value, beginIndex, subLen);
    }
    
	public CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex) {
        return this.substring(beginIndex, endIndex);
    }

concat(String str)的作用是将str拼接到当前字符串后面,通过代码也可以看出其实就是建一个新的字符串。

 public String concat(String str) {
        int otherLen = str.length();
        if (otherLen == 0) {
            return this;
        }
        int len = value.length;
        char buf[] = Arrays.copyOf(value, len + otherLen);
        str.getChars(buf, len);
        return new String(buf, true);
    }

替换操作,主要是将原来字符串中的oldChar全部替换成newChar。看这里实现,主要是先找到第一个所要替换的字符串的位置 i ,将i之前的字符直接复制到一个新char数组。然后从 i 开始再对每一个字符进行判断是不是所要替换的字符。主要使用正则方式来匹配需要找的字串。

 public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
        if (oldChar != newChar) {
            int len = value.length;
            int i = -1;
            char[] val = value; /* avoid getfield opcode */ 	
            while (++i < len) {
                if (val[i] == oldChar) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (i < len) {
                char buf[] = new char[len];
                for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                    buf[j] = val[j];
                }
                while (i < len) {
                    char c = val[i];
                    buf[i] = (c == oldChar) ? newChar : c;
                    i++;
                }
                return new String(buf, true);
            }
        }
        return this;
    }
    
	public String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement) {
        return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceFirst(replacement);
    }
	
	public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement) {
        return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceAll(replacement);
    }

    public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement) {
        return Pattern.compile(target.toString(), Pattern.LITERAL).matcher(
                this).replaceAll(Matcher.quoteReplacement(replacement.toString()));
    }

 	public boolean matches(String regex) {
        return Pattern.matches(regex, this);
    }

切割操作,主要还是通过正则方式来匹配需要找的“分割符”,其中值得注意的是limit的取值,当limit=n>0时,那么字符串最多被切割成n个,数组最后一个将包含第n个分割符后的所有字串;当n=0时(默认值),如果分割符后为空字串,该空字串将被丢弃;当n<0时,空字串不会被丢弃。


 	public String[] split(String regex, int limit) {
        char ch = 0;
        if (((regex.value.length == 1 &&
             ".$|()[{^?*+\\".indexOf(ch = regex.charAt(0)) == -1) ||
             (regex.length() == 2 &&
              regex.charAt(0) == '\\' &&
              (((ch = regex.charAt(1))-'0')|('9'-ch)) < 0 &&
              ((ch-'a')|('z'-ch)) < 0 &&
              ((ch-'A')|('Z'-ch)) < 0)) &&
            (ch < Character.MIN_HIGH_SURROGATE ||
             ch > Character.MAX_LOW_SURROGATE))
        {
            int off = 0;
            int next = 0;
            boolean limited = limit > 0;
            ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
            while ((next = indexOf(ch, off)) != -1) {
                if (!limited || list.size() < limit - 1) {
                    list.add(substring(off, next));
                    off = next + 1;
                } else {    // last one
                    //assert (list.size() == limit - 1);
                    list.add(substring(off, value.length));
                    off = value.length;
                    break;
                }
            }
            // If no match was found, return this
            if (off == 0)
                return new String[]{this};
            // Add remaining segment
            if (!limited || list.size() < limit)
                list.add(substring(off, value.length));
            // Construct result
            int resultSize = list.size();
            if (limit == 0) {
                while (resultSize > 0 && list.get(resultSize - 1).length() == 0) {
                    resultSize--;
                }
            }
            String[] result = new String[resultSize];
            return list.subList(0, resultSize).toArray(result);
        }
        return Pattern.compile(regex).split(this, limit);
    }

    public String[] split(String regex) {
        return split(regex, 0);
    }

其他valueOf(),trim(),toUpperCase() 等转换方法,这里就不再详述,后面有时间再补上。

3.相关问题

  • 1.String中hashcode是怎么实现的?
源码:
public int hashCode() {
        int h = hash;
        if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
            char val[] = value;
            for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
                h = 31 * h + val[i];
            }
            hash = h;
        }
        return h;
}
hashCode 的实现其实就是使用数学公式:s[0] * 31^(n-1) + s[1] * 31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
将上一次的计算结果作为31的权重去计算当前的算子,之所以选择31作为系数,主要是出于效率方面的考虑。

在存储数据计算hash地址的时候,我们希望尽量减少有同样的hash地址,所谓“冲突”。如果使用相同hash地址的数据过多,
那么这些数据所组成的hash链就更长,从而降低了查询效率!所以在选择系数的时候要选择尽量长(31 = 11111[2])的系数
并且让乘法尽量不要溢出(如果选择大于11111的数,很容易溢出)的系数,因为如果计算出来的hash地址越大,
所谓的“冲突”就越少,查找起来效率也会提高。
  • 2.String s="abc"和String s=new String(“abc”)区别;
Java运行环境有一个字符串池,由String类维护。
执行语句String s="abc"时,首先查看字符串池中是否存在字符串"abc",
如果存在则直接将"abc"赋给s,不创建对象,如果不存在则先在字符串池中新建一个字符串"abc",创建一个对象,然后再将其赋给s。

执行语句String s=new String("abc")时,不管字符串池中是否存在字符串"abc",
直接新建一个字符串"abc"对象(注意:同时会在字符串常量池中创建一个相同对象,共创建了2个对象),然后将其付给s。

前一语句的效率高,后一语句的效率低,因为新建字符串占用内存空间。
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