一、实现网络通信需要解决的两个问题
- 如何准确地定位网络上一台或多台主机;定位主机上的特定的应用
- 找到主机后如何可靠高效地进行数据传输
二、网络通信的两个要素:
1、对应问题一:IP和端口号
2、对应问题二:提供网络通信协议:TCP/IP参考模型(应用层、传输层、网络层、物理+数据链路层)
三、通信要素一:IP和端口号
1. IP的理解
- IP:唯一的标识Internet上的计算机(通信实体)
- 在Java中使用InetAddress类代表IP
- IP分类:IPV4 和 IPV6;万维网 和 局域网域名: www.baidu.com www.mi.com www.sina.com www.jd.com www.vip.com
-
域名解析:域名容易记忆,当在连接网络时输入一个主机的域名后,域名服务器(DNS)负责将域名转化成IP地址,这样才能和主机建立连接。- - - 域名解析
- 本地回路地址:127.0.0.1 对应着:Localhost
2. InetAddress类:此类的一个对象就代表着一个具体的IP地址
2.1 实例化
getByName(String host) / getLocalHost()
2.2 常用方法
getHostName() / getHostAddress()
3. 端口号:正在计算机上运行的进程。
-
要求:不同的进程有不同的端口号。
-
范围:被规定为一个16位的整数 0 ~ 65535。
-
端口号与IP地址的组合得出一个网络套接字:Socket
四、通信要素二:网络通信协议
1. 分型模型
2. TCP和UDP的区别
3. TCP三次握手和四次挥手
代码示例1:客户端发送信息给服务端,服务端将数据显示在控制台
- 代码示例:
//客户端
@Test
public void client() {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
//1. 创建Socket对象,指明服务器端的IP和端口号
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
socket = new Socket(inet,8899);
//2. 获取一个输出流,用于输出数据
os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3. 写出数据的操作
os.write("你好,我是客户端MM".getBytes());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//4. 资源关闭
if (os != null){
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
//服务端
@Test
public void server() {
ServerSocket ss = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1. 创建服务器端的ServerSocket,指明自己的端口号
ss = new ServerSocket(8899);
//2. 调用accept()表示接收来自于客户端的Socket
socket = ss.accept();
//3. 获取输入流
is = socket.getInputStream();
//不建议这样写,可能会有乱码
// byte[] buffer = new byte[20];
// int len;
// while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
// String str = new String(buffer,0,len);
// System.out.print(str);
// }
//4. 读取输入流中的数据
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[5];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
System.out.println("收到了来自于:" + socket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress() + "的数据");
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//5. 关闭资源
if (baos != null){
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null){
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (ss != null){
try {
ss.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
代码示例2:客户端发送文件给服务端,服务端将文件保存在本地
- 代码示例:
@Test
public void client() {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
FileInputStream fis = null;
try {
//1.
socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9090);
//2.
os = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.
fis = new FileInputStream(new File("1.jpg"));
//4.
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
os.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//5.
if (fis != null) {
try {
fis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
/*
这里涉及到的异常,应该使用try-catch-finally处理
*/
@Test
public void server() {
ServerSocket ss = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
FileOutputStream fos = null;
try {
//1. 创建ServerSocket指明自己的端口号
ss = new ServerSocket(9090);
//2. 调用accept()接受来自客户端的socket
socket = ss.accept();
//3. 获取客户端的输入流
is = socket.getInputStream();
//4. 造本地的输出流
fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("5.jpg"));
//5. 将输入流的信息写出
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//6. 关闭资源
if (fos != null) {
try {
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (ss != null) {
try {
ss.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
代码示例3:从客户端发送文件给服务端,服务端保存到本地。并返回“发送成功”给客户端并关闭相应的连接
- 代码示例:
@Test
public void client() {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
FileInputStream fis = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
socket = new Socket(inet, 9090);
os = socket.getOutputStream();
fis = new FileInputStream(new File("1.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
os.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
//关闭数据的输出
** socket.shutdownOutput();**
//接收来自于服务器端的数据,并显示到控制台上
InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
//
byte[] buffer1 = new byte[20];
int len1;
while ((len1 = is.read(buffer1)) != -1) {
baos.write(buffer1, 0, len1);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (baos != null) {
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (fis != null) {
try {
fis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
@Test
public void server() {
ServerSocket ss = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
FileOutputStream fos = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
ss = new ServerSocket(9090);
socket = ss.accept();
is = socket.getInputStream();
fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("7.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
System.out.println("图片传输完成");
//服务器端给客户端反馈
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好,照片我已收到,非常漂亮!".getBytes());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (fos != null) {
try {
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (ss != null) {
try {
ss.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
代码示例4:UDP
- 代码示例:
//发送端
@Test
public void sender() {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket();
String str = "我是UDP方式发送的导弹";
byte[] data = str.getBytes();
InetAddress inet = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(data, 0, data.length, inet, 9090);
socket.send(packet);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
socket.close();
}
}
//接收端
@Test
public void receiver() {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
byte[] buffer = new byte[100];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
socket.receive(packet);
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(), 0, packet.getLength()));
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
socket.close();
}
}