几个重要的类及对象简介
Python 中,所有的类继承自基类 PyObject。PyVarObject 是所有可变类的基类,PyVarObject 也继承自 PyObject 。同时,Python 中的对象都是通过其所属的类型对象创建的,该类型对象是 PyTypeObject 的实例,实例化该类型对象还需要一个特殊的类型对象 PyType_Type 。这几个重要的类及对象定义如下,为了简洁明了,有些地方将宏替换了。
PyObject类:
typedef struct _object {
struct _object *_ob_next;
struct _object *_ob_prev;
Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;
struct _typeobject *ob_type;
} PyObject;
PyVarObject类:
typedef struct {
PyObject ob_base;
Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */
} PyVarObject;
PyTypeObject类:
typedef struct _typeobject {
PyVarObject ob_base;
const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "<module>.<name>" */
Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */
/* Methods to implement standard operations */
destructor tp_dealloc;
printfunc tp_print;
getattrfunc tp_getattr;
setattrfunc tp_setattr;
PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2)
or tp_reserved (Python 3) */
reprfunc tp_repr;
/* Method suites for standard classes */
PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number;
PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence;
PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping;
/* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */
hashfunc tp_hash;
ternaryfunc tp_call;
reprfunc tp_str;
getattrofunc tp_getattro;
setattrofunc tp_setattro;
/* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */
PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer;
/* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */
unsigned long tp_flags;
const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */
/* Assigned meaning in release 2.0 */
/* call function for all accessible objects */
traverseproc tp_traverse;
/* delete references to contained objects */
inquiry tp_clear;
/* Assigned meaning in release 2.1 */
/* rich comparisons */
richcmpfunc tp_richcompare;
/* weak reference enabler */
Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset;
/* Iterators */
getiterfunc tp_iter;
iternextfunc tp_iternext;
/* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */
struct PyMethodDef *tp_methods;
struct PyMemberDef *tp_members;
struct PyGetSetDef *tp_getset;
struct _typeobject *tp_base;
PyObject *tp_dict;
descrgetfunc tp_descr_get;
descrsetfunc tp_descr_set;
Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset;
initproc tp_init;
allocfunc tp_alloc;
newfunc tp_new;
freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */
inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */
PyObject *tp_bases;
PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */
PyObject *tp_cache;
PyObject *tp_subclasses;
PyObject *tp_weaklist;
destructor tp_del;
/* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6 */
unsigned int tp_version_tag;
destructor tp_finalize;
#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
/* these must be last and never explicitly initialized */
Py_ssize_t tp_allocs;
Py_ssize_t tp_frees;
Py_ssize_t tp_maxalloc;
struct _typeobject *tp_prev;
struct _typeobject *tp_next;
#endif
} PyTypeObject;
PyType_Type对象:
PyTypeObject PyType_Type = {
PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
"type", /* tp_name */
sizeof(PyHeapTypeObject), /* tp_basicsize */
sizeof(PyMemberDef), /* tp_itemsize */
(destructor)type_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */
0, /* tp_print */
0, /* tp_getattr */
0, /* tp_setattr */
0, /* tp_reserved */
(reprfunc)type_repr, /* tp_repr */
0, /* tp_as_number */
0, /* tp_as_sequence */
0, /* tp_as_mapping */
0, /* tp_hash */
(ternaryfunc)type_call, /* tp_call */
0, /* tp_str */
(getattrofunc)type_getattro, /* tp_getattro */
(setattrofunc)type_setattro, /* tp_setattro */
0, /* tp_as_buffer */
Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC |
Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE | Py_TPFLAGS_TYPE_SUBCLASS, /* tp_flags */
type_doc, /* tp_doc */
(traverseproc)type_traverse, /* tp_traverse */
(inquiry)type_clear, /* tp_clear */
0, /* tp_richcompare */
offsetof(PyTypeObject, tp_weaklist), /* tp_weaklistoffset */
0, /* tp_iter */
0, /* tp_iternext */
type_methods, /* tp_methods */
type_members, /* tp_members */
type_getsets, /* tp_getset */
0, /* tp_base */
0, /* tp_dict */
0, /* tp_descr_get */
0, /* tp_descr_set */
offsetof(PyTypeObject, tp_dict), /* tp_dictoffset */
type_init, /* tp_init */
0, /* tp_alloc */
type_new, /* tp_new */
PyObject_GC_Del, /* tp_free */
(inquiry)type_is_gc, /* tp_is_gc */
};
long对象结构
如下图所示,PyTypeObject 是产生所有类型对象的类,称为元类 (metaclass),PyTypeObject 初始化之后可以得到类型对象(比如 PyBaseObject_Type、PyType_Type、PyLong_Type)。PyBaseObject_Type 是所有对象的基类(对象),Python中的继承通过定义指向基类的指针完成。我们可以通过 PyLongObject 定义 long 或者 int 型实例。
long对象实例化过程(简化)
- Python 运行即创建 PyType_Type 和 PyBaseObject_Type 对象,因此可以推断他们仅会被创建一次;
- 用 PyType_Type 初始化 PyLong_Type 对象的 ob_type;
- 接着调用 long_new 方法创建 PyLong_Type,随后调用 PyBaseObject_Type 的 object_init 进行初始化。
Python的内置类型都在事先创建好,用户创建实例,如:int(1234567),建立在已经存在的对象之上。