Java网络编程学习笔记-网络
1.1、概述
- 计算机网络是指将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备，通过通信线路连接起来，在网络操作系统，网络管理软件及网络通信协议的管理和协调下，实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
- 网络编程的目的：数据交换、通信
1.2、网络通信的要素
如何实现网络的通信？
通信双方的地址：
- ip
- 端口号
- 192.168.1.1:1111
规则：网络通信的协议：
1.3、IP
ip地址：InetAddress
-
唯一定义一台网络上的计算机
-
127.0.0.1：本机 localhost
-
IP地址分类
- ipv4 / ipv6
- ipv4: 127.0.0.1，4个字节组成，每个字节长度0~255
- ipv6: fe80::a995:70e5:6887:478f%12 128位 8个无符号整数
- 公网（互联网）-私网（局域网）
- ABCD类地址
- 192.168.xx.xx 专门给组织内部使用
- ipv4 / ipv6
-
域名：记忆IP问题
- IP：www.vip.com
//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//查询本机地址
InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);
InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inetAddress3);
InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress4);
//查询百度网站ip地址
InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println(inetAddress2);
//常用方法
//System.out.println(inetAddress2.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName()); //规范的名字
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostAddress()); //IP
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostName()); //域名，或自己电脑的名字
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
1.4、端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程
- 不同的进程有不同的端口号——用来区分软件
- 被规定0~65535
- TCP、UDP端口：65535 * 2 若TCP：80、UDP：80这是可以的 但如果TCP：80，其他用80就不可以，也即单个协议下，端口号不能冲突
- 端口分类
- 公有端口0~1023
- HTTP：80
- HTTPS：443
- FTP：21
- Telent：23
- 程序注册端口：1024~49151，分配用户或者程序
- Tomcat：8080
- MySql：3306
- Oracle：1521
- 动态、私有：49152~65535
- 公有端口0~1023
netstat -ano #查看所有的端口
netstat -ano|findstr "" #查看指定的窗口
tasklist|findstr "" #查看指定端口的进程
public class TestInetSocketAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1",8080);
InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost",8080);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress2);
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getAddress());
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getHostName()); //获取地址
System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getPort()); //获取端口
}
}
1.5、通信协议
协议：约定
**网络通信协议：**速率、传输码率、代码结构、传输控制…
TCP/IP协议簇（实际上是一组协议）
重要：
- TCP：用户传输协议
- UDP：用户数据报协议
出名的协议：
- TCP
- IP：网络互连协议
TCP、UDP对比
TCP：打电话
- 连接、稳定
- 三次握手、四次挥手
三次握手：（最少需要三次，保证稳定连接）
A：你瞅啥
B：瞅你咋地
C：干一场
四次挥手：
A：我要断开了
B：我知道你要断开了
B：你真的要断开了吗
A：我真的要断开了
- 客户端、服务端
- 传输完成，释放连接，效率低
UDP：发短信
- 不连接、不稳定
- 客户端、服务端：没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好，都可以发送给对方
- DDOS：洪水攻击（饱和攻击）
1.6、TCP
客户端
- 连接服务器
- 发送消息
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream os = null;
try {
//1. 要知道服务器的地址、端口号
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port = 9999;
//2.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP,port);
//3. 发送消息 IO流
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("你好".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally { //关闭资源
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
服务端
- 建立服务端口 ServerSocket
- 等待用户的连接 accept()
- 接收用户的消息
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket socket = null;
InputStream is = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1. 我得有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
//2. 等待客户端连接过来
socket = serverSocket.accept();
//3. 读取客户端的消息
is = socket.getInputStream();
/*
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
String msg = new String(buffer,0,len);
System.out.println(msg);
}
*/
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
baos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
//关闭资源
if (baos != null) {
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (serverSocket != null) {
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
文件上传
package com.albert.testtcp;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建一个Socker连接
Socket socket = null;
//2.创建输出流
OutputStream os = null;
//3.读取文件
FileInputStream fis = null;
//创建输入流
InputStream is = null;
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//获取服务端IP地址、端口号
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
int port = 9999;
socket = new Socket(serverIP,port);
os = socket.getOutputStream();
//读取文件
fis = new FileInputStream(new File("albert.jpg"));
//4.写出文件
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1){
os.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知服务器，已输出完毕
socket.shutdownOutput();//已传输完毕！
//确定服务器接收完毕，才能断开连接
is = socket.getInputStream();
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
int len2;
while ((len2 = is.read(buffer2)) != -1){
baos.write(buffer2,0,len2);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//5.关闭资源
if (baos != null) {
try {
baos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (fis != null) {
try {
fis.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
package com.albert.testtcp;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
//服务端
public class TcpServerDemo02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
//2.创建socket连接
Socket socket = null;
//3.获取输入流
InputStream is = null;
//4.文件输出
FileOutputStream fos = null;
//创建输出流
OutputStream os = null;
try {
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
socket = serverSocket.accept();
is = socket.getInputStream();
fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg"));
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//通知客户端接收完毕
os = socket.getOutputStream();
os.write("接收完毕！".getBytes());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//5.关闭资源
if (os != null) {
try {
os.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (fos != null) {
try {
fos.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (is != null) {
try {
is.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
if (serverSocket != null) {
try {
serverSocket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
Tomcat
服务端
- 自定义 S
- Tomcat服务器 S
客户端
- 自定义 C
- 浏览器 B
1.7、UDP
发短信：不用连接，需要知道对方的地址
//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1、建立一个socket
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();
//发送给谁
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
//2、建个包
String msg = "你好！";
//数据，数据的包的长度起始，要发送给谁
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(),0,msg.getBytes().length,localhost,port);
//3、发送包
socket.send(packet);
//4、关闭流
socket.close();
}
}
//还是要等待客户端的连接(接收端)
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
//开放端口
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//接收数据包
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
socket.receive(packet); //阻塞接收
System.out.println(packet.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(), 0, packet.getLength()));
//关闭连接
socket.close();
}
}
循环发送消息
//发送方
public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
//准备数据：控制台读取System.in
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while (true){
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye"))
break;
}
socket.close();
}
}
public class UdpReceiverDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while (true){
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞时接收
//断开连接bye
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveDate = new String(data,0,data.length);
System.out.println(receiveDate);
if(receiveDate.equals("bye"))
break;
}
socket.close();
}
}
咨询、双方发送信息
//发送线程
public class TalkSend implements Runnable{
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP,this.toPort));
socket.send(packet);
if (data.equals("bye"))
break;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
//接收线程
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(this.port);
} catch (SocketException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
try {
//准备接收包裹
byte[] container = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
socket.receive(packet); //阻塞式接收
//断开连接
byte[] datas = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(datas,0,datas.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye"))
break;
} catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
//学生端
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"老师")).start();
}
}
//老师端
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"学生")).start();
}
}
1.8 URL
https://www.baidu.com/
统一资源定位符：定位资源的，定位互联网上的某一个资源
DNS域名解析 www.baidu.com -> xxx.xxx.xx…
协议://IP地址:端口号/项目名/资源
public class URLDemo01 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/hello/index.jsp?username=admin&password=111111");
System.out.println(url.getProtocol()); //协议
System.out.println(url.getHost()); //主机IP
System.out.println(url.getPort()); //端口
System.out.println(url.getFile()); //全路径
System.out.println(url.getPath()); //文件
System.out.println(url.getQuery()); //参数
}
}
public class UrlDownload {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.下载地址
URL url = new URL(""); //"输入下载的资源的路径"
//2.连接到这个资源 HTTP
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
InputStream is = urlConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("file.txt");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
fos.write(buffer,0,len); //写出这个数据
}
fos.close();
is.close();
urlConnection.disconnect(); //断开连接
}
}
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