Keras中自定义层时build函数和call函数的区别

Keras中自定义层时build函数和call函数的区别在于，buid函数需要先将待训练的变量或者含参数变量的层先定义好，比如权重W、Conv2D层等，这些带有待训练变量的量只能在buid中创建，call中只能通过self使用已构建的量。笔记参考以下2网页内容：
问题引出
详解

本文通过两个定义例子来说明build函数和call函数的使用

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例子1

from tensorflow.keras.layers import Layer
class crl_attention(Layer):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(crl_attention, self).__init__(**kwargs)

    def build(self, input_shape):
        self.W = self.add_weight(name='attention_weight', shape=(input_shape[-1], 1),
                                 initializer='random_normal', trainable=True)
        self.b = self.add_weight(name='attention_bias', shape=(input_shape[1], 1),
                                 initializer='zeros', trainable=True)

        super(crl_attention, self).build(input_shape)

    def call(self, x):
        # Alignment scores. Pass them through tanh function
        e = K.relu(K.dot(x, self.W) + self.b)
        # Remove dimension of size 1
        e = K.squeeze(e, axis=-1)
        # Compute the weights
        alpha = K.softmax(e)
        # Reshape to tensorFlow format
        alpha = K.expand_dims(alpha, axis=-1)
        # Compute the context vector
        context = x * alpha
        context = K.sum(context, axis=1)
        return context

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例子2

def build(self, inputs):
  self.w = tf.random_normal_initializer(mean=0.0, stddev=1e-4)
  if self.bias:
    self.b = tf.constant_initializer(0.0)
  else:
    self.b = None

  self.conv_a = Conv2D(filters=self.filter_num, kernel_size=(self.filter_size, self.filter_size), strides=(self.stride, self.stride), padding='VALID', use_bias=True, kernel_initializer=self.w, bias_initializer=self.b)
  self.conv_b = Conv2D(filters=self.filter_num, kernel_size=(self.filter_size, self.filter_size), strides=(self.stride, self.stride), padding=self.pad, use_bias=True, kernel_initializer=self.w, bias_initializer=self.b)
  self.conv_c = Conv2D(filters=self.filter_num, kernel_size=(self.filter_size, self.filter_size), strides=(self.stride, self.stride), padding='VALID', use_bias=False, kernel_initializer=self.w)
  self.conv_d = Conv2D(filters=self.filter_num, kernel_size=(self.filter_size, self.filter_size), strides=(self.stride, self.stride),padding=self.pad, use_bias=False, kernel_initializer=self.w)  

def call(self, inputs):
  if self.bias:
    if self.pad == 'REFLECT':
      self.p = (self.filter_size - 1) // 2
      self.x = tf.pad(inputs, [[0, 0], [self.p, self.p], [self.p, self.p], [0, 0]], 'REFLECT')
      return self.conv_a(self.x)
    else:
      return self.conv_b(inputs)
  else:
     if self.pad == 'REFLECT':
        self.p = (self.filter_size - 1) // 2
        self.x = tf.pad(inputs, [[0, 0], [self.p, self.p], [self.p, self.p], [0, 0]], 'REFLECT')
        return self.conv_c(self.x)
     else:
        return self.conv_d(inputs)

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说明

例子1的build函数是自定义训练参数W， 例子2是定义已有的模块Conv2D（这些模块都内含待训练的参数），这些有参数的量都需要在buid中定义才能够在call函数中使用， call函数中不能直接定义Conv2D且使用，比如call函数中写以下句子会报错：

def call(input):
	res = Conv2D(...)(input)