第11章 Tkinter 概述

python自带的GUI（Graphics User Interface）库是tkinter，其它可选的其它GUI库有：

1. PyGObject 支持GTK+3 图形界面工具集
2. PyQt 支持Qt库，可跨Unix，Windows，Mac OS X平台使用
3. wxPython 可跨Unix，Windows，Mac OS X平台使用，根据平台显示对应的风格

# tkinter库中的类

类	继承的父类
Tk	Wm， Misc
Topleve	Wm， BaseWidget
BaseWidget	Wm
Widget	BaseWidget，Pack，Place，Grid

创建组件

所有组件均由Widget类派生，创建组件时，需要指定组件所属容器

分类	组件名称	说明
容器	Toplevel	顶层
	Frame	容器
	LabelFrame	可加标题的容器
	PanedWindow	分区容器
菜单	Menu
	Menubutton	下拉式、层叠式菜单
	OptionMenu	通过按钮打开菜单
选择器	Radiobutton	单选钮
	Checkbutton	复选框
	Spinbox	微调选择器，通过箭头选择值
框	Entry	单行输入框
	Text	多行文本框
	Listbox	列表框
	Message	消息框，类似多行文本的标签
其它	Label	标签，显示不可编辑的文本或图标
	Button	按钮
	Canvas	画布，提供绘图功能

from tkinter import *            #加载tkinter中所有类
root = Tk()                      #创建窗口对象
root.title('窗口标题')            #设置标题
a = Label(root, text='Hello')    #创建组件，指定容器root
a.pack()                         #布局组件
root.mainloop()                  #启动主窗口

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)]

布局组件

pack

默认值：fill = NONE，expand = 0，side = TOP，anchor = CENTER

关键字	作用	值
padx, pady	与其它组件在X Y方向上的间距	pixel
ipadx, ipady	组件内部，在X Y方向上的留白	pixel
fill	组件在X Y方向上填充容器	NONE, X, Y, BOTH
expand	组件是否随容器拉伸	bool值
side	组件在容器的哪一侧（黑色区域）	TOP BOTTOM LEFT RIGHT
anchor	组件在容器一侧中的定位（灰色区域）	CENTER N E S W NW NE SW SE

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-cjJ2jMYf-1639961833233)(data:image/png;base64,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)]

grid

按照行、列的方式排列组件，自动设置网格大小

批量创建同类型组件时，可以通过整除确定行号（商）、列号（余数）

关键字	作用	值
padx, pady	在X Y方向上的外间距	pixel
ipadx, ipady	在X Y方向上的内间距	pixel
row, column	行号、列号	N
rowspan, columnspan	横跨行数、横跨列数	N
sticky	内容在风格中的定位	CENTER N E S W NW NE SW SE

L = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,'+','-','=']
win = Tk()
for i in range(len(L)):  Label(win, text=L[i]).grid(row=i//3, column=i%3)
win.mainloop()

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