string类
如何学习string类呢?为什么学习string类呢?
C语言中,字符串是以’\0’结尾的一些字符的集合,为了操作方便,C标准库中提供了一些str系列的库函数,但是这些库函数与字符串是分离开的,不符合面向对象编程的思想,需要用户自己管理,稍不留神可能会越界访问
- 熟悉String类
- 熟悉各种String接口用法
- 熟练运用String类解决问题
C++中对于string的定义为:typedef basic_string string
,C++中的string类是一个泛型类,是模板实例化的一个标准类,本质上不是一个标准数据类型。
总结:
- string是表示字符串的字符串类
- 该类的接口与常规容器的接口基本相同,再添加了一些专门用来操作string的常规操作。
比特就业课 - string在底层实际是:basic_string模板类的别名,typedef basic_string<char, char_traits, allocator>
string; - 不能操作多字节或者变长字符的序列。
string类参考文档:cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/
string 类接口学习
Member functions
- Iterators
- Capacity
- Element access
- Modifiers
- String operations
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
void teststring()
{
string s1("hello nihao shijie");
string s2(s1);
string s3(s1, 5);
string s4("hello world");
string s5(10, 'a');
string s6 = s5;
cout << s1 << endl;
cout << s2 << endl;
cout << s3 << endl;
cout << s4 << endl;
cout << s5 << endl;
cout << s6 << endl;
}
// strng类类似数组的遍历方式
void test1()
{
string s1("hello world");
for (int i = 0; i < s1.size(); i++)
{
cout << s1[i] << " ";
}
}
// 迭代器:通用遍历方式
void test2()
{
string s1("hello world");
string::iterator it1 = s1.begin();
while (it1 != s1.end())
{
cout << *it1 << " ";
it1++;
}
}
// 反向迭代器:
void test3()
{
string s1("hello world");
string::reverse_iterator rit1 = s1.rbegin();
while (rit1 != s1.rend())
{
cout << *rit1 << " ";
rit1++;
}
}
//
void test4()
{
string s1("hello world");
// 历史遗留问题,规范多用size
cout << s1.size() << endl;
cout << s1.length() << endl;
// 返回字符串的最大大小
cout << s1.max_size() << endl;
// 返回分配存储的大小
cout << s1.capacity() << endl;
// vs下扩容机制是第一次两倍,后面为1.5倍
// linux下g++是两倍扩容
// 清除字符串,clear()只是将string中有效字符清空,不改变底层空间大小
cout << s1 << endl;
s1.clear();
cout << s1 << endl;
cout << s1.capacity() << endl;
}
// reserve扩容
void test5()
{
string s1("hello world");
cout << s1.size() << endl;
// 不同编译器厂家底层实现扩容细节不同,vs下此处扩容不是给的100
s1.reserve(100);//更改容量
cout << s1.capacity() << endl;;
}
// resize改变string大小
void test6()
{
std::string str("I like to code in C");
std::cout << str << '\n';
unsigned sz = str.size();
str.resize(sz + 2, '+');
std::cout << str << '\n';
str.resize(14);
std::cout << str << '\n';
}
// string追加:append和push_back(不是最香的)
void test7()
{
string s1("hello world");
cout << s1[5] << endl;
cout << s1.at(5) << endl;
s1.push_back('a');
cout << s1 << endl;
string s2("i like ");
s2.append("apple");
cout << s2 << endl;
}
// string追加:+=(最香的)
void test8()
{
string s1("i like eat");
s1 += ' ';
s1 += "apple";
cout << s1 << endl;
}
// Assigns a new value to the string, replacing its current contents
// string替换:assign
void test9()
{
string s1("zht");
cout << s1 << endl;
s1.assign("hhhhhh");
cout << s1 << endl;
}
// erase 和 insert
// 底层实现类似于顺序表,删除添加需要挪动数据,所以时间复杂度为O(N),效率不高
void test10()
{
string s1("hello world");
cout << s1 << endl;
s1.erase();
cout << s1 << endl;
}
// find 和 replace
void test11()
{
// 找寻空格位置并且从该位置开始将一个字符位置替换为:"%100"
string s1("hello world hello bit");
size_t pos = s1.find(' ');
while (pos != string::npos)
{
s1.replace(pos, 1, "%100");
pos = s1.find(' ');
}
cout << s1 << endl;
}
void test12()
{
std::string firstlevel("com");
std::string secondlevel("cplusplus");
std::string scheme("http://");
std::string hostname;
std::string url;
hostname = "www." + secondlevel + '.' + firstlevel;
url = scheme + hostname;
std::cout << url << '\n';
}
void test13()
{
string s1("123456789");
cout << s1.size() << endl;
}
int main()
{
test1();
test2();
test3();
test4();
test5();
test6();
test7();
test8();
test9();
test10();
test11();
test12();
test13();
return 0;
}
size()
与length()
方法底层实现原理完全相同clear()
只是将string中有效字符清空,不改变底层空间大小resize(size_t n)
与resize(size_t n, char c)
都是将字符串中有效字符个数改变到n个,不同的是当字符个数增多时:resize用0来填充多出的元素空间,resize用字符c来填充多出的元素空间。resize在改变元素个数时,如果是将元素个数增多,可能会改变底层容量的大小,如果是将元素个数减少,底层空间总大小不变reserve(size_t res_arg=0)
:为string预留空间,不改变有效元素个数,当reserve的参数小于string的底层空间总大小时,reserver不会改变容量大小
string类的使用示例
域名分解:
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
void Break_down_the_domain_name(string URL)
{
string url;
url = URL;
string protocol, domain, uri;
size_t pos_protocol = url.find(':');
if (pos_protocol != string::npos)
{
cout << "protocol:" << url.substr(0, pos_protocol - 0) << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "no protocol" << endl;
}
size_t pos_domain = url.find('/', pos_protocol + 3);
if (pos_domain != string::npos)
{
cout << "domain:" << url.substr(pos_protocol + 3, pos_domain - (pos_protocol + 3)) << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "no domain" << endl;
}
size_t pos_uri = pos_domain + 1;
if (pos_uri != string::npos)
{
cout << url.substr(pos_uri) << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "no uri" << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
string url("https://cplusplus.com/reference/string/basic_string/copy/");
Break_down_the_domain_name(url);
return 0;
}
#include<iostream>
#include<string.h>
using namespace std;
// 域名分解
void Break_down_the_domain_name(string URL)
{
string url;
url = URL;
string protocol, domain, uri;
size_t pos_protocol = url.find(':');
if (pos_protocol != string::npos)
{
cout << "protocol:" << url.substr(0, pos_protocol - 0) << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "no protocol" << endl;
}
size_t pos_domain = url.find('/', pos_protocol + 3);
if (pos_domain != string::npos)
{
cout << "domain:" << url.substr(pos_protocol + 3, pos_domain - (pos_protocol + 3)) << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "no domain" << endl;
}
size_t pos_uri = pos_domain + 1;
if (pos_uri != string::npos)
{
cout << url.substr(pos_uri) << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "no uri" << endl;
}
}
int main()
{
string url("https://cplusplus.com/reference/string/basic_string/copy/");
Break_down_the_domain_name(url);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
string a = "hello world";
string b = a;
if (a.c_str() == b.c_str())
cout << "true" << endl;
else
cout << "false" << endl;
string c = b;
c = "";
if (a.c_str() == b.c_str())
cout << "true" << endl;
else
cout << "false" << endl;
a = "";
if (a.c_str() == b.c_str())
cout << "true" << endl;
else
cout << "false" << endl;
return 0;
}
// 注意resize和reserve的区别:resize()函数是修改string对象的实际大小,而reserve()函数是预留string对象的潜在空间
int main()
{
string str("Hello Bit.");
cout << str.size() << ':' << str.capacity() << endl;
str.reserve(111);
cout << str.size() << ':' << str.capacity() << endl;
str.resize(500);
cout << str.size() << ':' << str.capacity() << endl;
str.reserve(50);
cout << str.size() << ":" << str.capacity() << endl;
return 0;
}
// 以空格为分界分割字符串
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
string strText = "How are you?";
string strSeparator = " ";
string strResult;
int size_pos = 0;
int size_prev_pos = 0;
while ((size_pos = strText.find_first_of(strSeparator, size_pos)) != string::npos)
{
strResult = strText.substr(size_prev_pos, size_pos - size_prev_pos);
cout << strResult << " ";
size_prev_pos = ++size_pos;
}
if (size_prev_pos != strText.size())
{
strResult = strText.substr(size_prev_pos, size_pos - size_prev_pos);
cout << strResult << " ";
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}