Handler, Looper, MessageQueue, Message源码详细分析

根据 Android 开发者文档,Handler的主要用途有两个:

  • MessageRunnable对象在将来的某个时刻计划执行。
  • 使要在与自己的线程不同的线程上执行的操作入队。

注:以下源码基于 Android 11.0 (R)

> Handler

Handler的原型如下所示:

package android.os;

public class Handler {
    final Looper mLooper;
    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Callback mCallback;
    final boolean mAsynchronous; // TODO
	...
}

可以看出,Handler有几个重要属性,包括一个Looper、一个消息队列、一个Callback等。CallbackHandler的内部接口:

Handler.java:
    public interface Callback {
        boolean handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg);
    }

可以看出,Callback接口的作用在于,若用其对Handler进行初始化则不必自己去实现Handler的子类。接收Callback作为参数的Handler构造函数有Handler(Looper, Callback)


> Looper

Looper是为线程运行消息循环的类。默认情况下,线程没有与之关联的Looper;要创建一个的话,在将运行循环的线程中调用Looper.prepare(),然后使用Looper.loop()使其处理消息,直到循环停止为止。原型如下:

package android.os;

public final class Looper {
	static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>(); // TODO
	private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class
    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;
	...
}

可以看出,Looper同样有一个消息队列。其实Handler中的消息队列都是通过mQueue = mLooper.mQueue来赋值的,也就是说,其只是引用Looper里的消息队列而已。初始化Looper时会新建一个消息队列:

Looper.java:
    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

这个消息队列可以通过常规的getQueue()获得,也可通过Looper.myQueue()获得,不同的是,后者是静态方法,获取的是当前线程的消息队列:

Looper.java:
    public static @NonNull MessageQueue myQueue() {
        return myLooper().mQueue;
    }

记录在Looper的线程可用于判断当前线程与Looper所绑定的线程是否是同一个:

Looper.java:
    public boolean isCurrentThread() {
        return Thread.currentThread() == mThread;
    }

> MessageQueue

MessageQueue是包含要由Looper调度的消息列表的低级类。消息不是直接添加到MessageQueue,而是通过与Looper关联的Handler对象添加。原型如下:

package android.os;

public final class MessageQueue {
    private final boolean mQuitAllowed; // TODO
    private long mPtr; // used by native code // TODO
	Message mMessages; // TODO
	private final ArrayList<IdleHandler> mIdleHandlers = new ArrayList<IdleHandler>(); // TODO
	private IdleHandler[] mPendingIdleHandlers; // TODO
	private boolean mQuitting;  // TODO
	...
}

可以看出,消息队列里的消息,既不是通过数组也不是通过队列来保存的,当然这里也不可能是一个消息队列只有一条消息,所以继续看Message的实现。新建一个消息队列时,需要传入quitAllowed参数,以表明该消息队列是否可退出:

MessageQueue.java:
    MessageQueue(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQuitAllowed = quitAllowed;
        mPtr = nativeInit();
    }

> Message

Message定义一条消息,其中包含可以发送给Handler的描述和任意数据对象。原型如下:

package android.os;

public final class Message implements Parcelable {
    public int what; // TODO
    public int arg1; // TODO
    public int arg2; // TODO
    public Object obj; // TODO
    public Messenger replyTo; // TODO
    /*package*/ int flags; // TODO
    /** @hide */ public long when; // TODO
    /*package*/ Bundle data; // TODO
    /*package*/ Handler target; // TODO
    /*package*/ Runnable callback; // TODO
    /*package*/ Message next; // TODO

    /** @hide */ public static final Object sPoolSync = new Object(); // TODO
    private static Message sPool; // TODO
    private static int sPoolSize = 0; // TODO
    private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50; // TODO
    private static boolean gCheckRecycle = true; // TODO

    public Message() {
    }
    ...
}

可以看出,Message里有一个指向nextMessage,所以Message不仅可以代表一条消息,也可以代表消息链上的一个节点。也就是说,消息队列是通过链表的形式来存储消息的,它只保管一个头部消息节点。


创建Handler

好了,对这几个类有一个大致的认识后,我们再来看看Handler该怎么用。首先,要用得创建一个Handler

Handler.java:
    public Handler(@NonNull Looper looper) {
        this(looper, null, false);
    }

    public Handler(@NonNull Looper looper, @Nullable Callback callback) {
        this(looper, callback, false);
    }

	/** @hide */
    public Handler(@NonNull Looper looper, @Nullable Callback callback, boolean async) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

除了创建上述普通的Handler之外,还可以创建异步Handler。创建异步Handler时,只是将mAsynchronous属性标记为true。异步Handler的作用,下文会进行阐述。

Handler.java:
    public static Handler createAsync(@NonNull Looper looper) {
        if (looper == null) throw new NullPointerException("looper must not be null");
        return new Handler(looper, null, true);
    }

    public static Handler createAsync(@NonNull Looper looper, @NonNull Callback callback) {
        if (looper == null) throw new NullPointerException("looper must not be null");
        if (callback == null) throw new NullPointerException("callback must not be null");
        return new Handler(looper, callback, true);
    }

从 Android 11.0 开始,官方不再推荐使用Handler()以及Handler(Callback),也就是说必须明确传入Looper,原因见官方解释:Handler | Android Developers。这里可以通过Looper.getMainLooper()传入主线程的Looper,或者通过Looper.myLooper()传入当前线程的LooperLooper.getMainLooper()以及Looper.myLooper()的定义如下:

Looper.java:
    public static Looper getMainLooper() {
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            return sMainLooper;
        }
    }

    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

myLooper()方法返回的是与当前线程绑定的Looper对象,没有绑定则返回空。以上只是获取Looper的方法,所以为了能获取到Looper对象,需要先执行Looper.prepare()方法进行创建。调用该方法生成的Looper,其消息队列可退出。

Looper.java:
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

根据上述分析,Looper.prepare()会将一个新的Looper对象存放在ThreadLocal当中,从而使该Looper与线程绑定。因此在子线程新建Handler时,需要先执行Looper.prepare(),如果是在主线程中新建Handler则无需执行,因为系统会自行调用Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法,该方法同样会调用prepare方法为主线程新建一个Looper,但其消息队列不可退出:

Looper.java:
    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

线程本地变量

Looper与线程绑定的过程涉及到一个泛型类ThreadLocal<T>,此类提供线程本地变量。该类的原型如下:

package java.lang;

public class ThreadLocal<T> {

    public ThreadLocal() {
    }
}

可见,ThreadLocal并没有存储线程本地变量的属性。接下来先看该类的get()set()方法,如下:

ThreadLocal.java:
    public T get() {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null) {
            ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
            if (e != null) {
                T result = (T)e.value;
                return result;
            }
        }
        return setInitialValue();
    }

    public void set(T value) {
        Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
        ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
        if (map != null)
            map.set(this, value);
        else
            createMap(t, value);
    }

    ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
        return t.threadLocals;
    }

可见获取时,ThreadLocal先从线程中获取其本地变量映射ThreadLocalMap,然后再根据自身获取对应的映射值。ThreadLocalMapThreadLocal的内部类,作用相当于保存多组从ThreadLocalObject的映射。(// TODO 具体介绍暂略)


准备消息

若要用Handler发送消息,则需要先准备一条消息。虽然Message的构造函数是公共的,但获取Message的最佳方法是调用Message.obtain()Handler.obtainMessage的方法之一。这将从回收对象池中拉取,即如果消息池不为空,则可以从消息池中取出消息复用,如果消息池为空则直接创建新消息。Handler.obtainMessage方法的实现都是直接转换成相对应的Message.obtain方法。而带参数的Message.obtain方法都会通过Message.obtain()来获得一个Message,然后再填入参数。

Message.java
    public static Message obtain() {
        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPool != null) {
                Message m = sPool;
                sPool = m.next;
                m.next = null;
                m.flags = 0; // clear in-use flag
                sPoolSize--;
                return m;
            }
        }
        return new Message();
    }

按上述方法新建的消息属于常用的同步消息,除此之外消息的种类还有异步消息和消息屏障。将消息设为异步则成为异步消息:

Message.java:
    public void setAsynchronous(boolean async) {
        if (async) {
            flags |= FLAG_ASYNCHRONOUS;
        } else {
            flags &= ~FLAG_ASYNCHRONOUS;
        }
    }

而消息屏障是一种特殊的消息,它的Handler target属性为空。MessageQueuepostSyncBarrier方法会新建一个消息屏障并以当前时间为执行时间插入队列中,生成一个token存储在arg1属性中并返回。而MessageQueueremoveSyncBarrier方法会根据传入的token来移除对应的消息屏障。不过这两个方法都标记为@hide,在此暂不细讲。


发送消息

使用Handler发送消息,可调用如下方法:

Handler.java:
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what);
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis);
    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis);
    public final boolean sendMessage(@NonNull Message msg);
    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(@NonNull Message msg, long delayMillis);
    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(@NonNull Message msg, long uptimeMillis);
    public final boolean sendMessageAtFrontOfQueue(@NonNull Message msg);

send方法的返回值表示消息是否已成功放入消息队列,返回false通常是因为处理消息队列的Looper正在退出。sendEmptyMessage方法会获取一个Message并填充what参数,最终调用相应的sendMessage方法。而sendMessage方法最终会调用enqueueMessage方法:

Handler.java:
    private boolean enqueueMessage(@NonNull MessageQueue queue, @NonNull Message msg,
            long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;

        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

其中,uptimeMillis指执行时间。sendMessage的执行时间是SystemClock.uptimeMillis(),即自系统启动以来的毫秒数,sendMessageDelayed的执行时间是SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillissendMessageAtFrontOfQueue的执行时间是0。另外,如果该Handler是一个异步Handler,即mAsynchronous属性为true,则入队的所有消息都会设置成异步消息。HandlerenqueueMessage方法最终调用MessageQueueenqueueMessage方法:

MessageQueue.java:(有删减)
    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

分析上述源码可以得知,入队是根据消息的执行时间来决定消息的位置的。如果执行时间比第一个消息还要早,则将消息插至队头,而且如果当前队列阻塞,则唤醒该队列。否则遍历消息链表,寻找合适位置插入该消息。
除了使用Handler发送消息外,如果MessageHandler target属性不为空,也可以调用message.sendToTarget()方法。该方法的实现也很简单:

    public void sendToTarget() {
        target.sendMessage(this);
    }

Handler除了可以发送消息,通过调用各种post方法还可以发送Runnable对象。各种post方法会直接调用相应的sendMessage方法,其中postAtTimepostDelayed可以添加一个Object token参数,作为移除时的参考标记。由于sendMessage方法需要一个Messagepost方法会调用getPostMessage(Runnable)或者getPostMessage(Runnable, Object)来生成Message

    private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

    private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r, Object token) {
        Message m = Message.obtain();
        m.obj = token;
        m.callback = r;
        return m;
    }

Handler还可以移除已经发送的消息,通过以下remove方法:

    public final void removeCallbacks(@NonNull Runnable r);
    public final void removeCallbacks(@NonNull Runnable r, @Nullable Object token);
    public final void removeMessages(int what);
    public final void removeMessages(int what, @Nullable Object object);
    public final void removeCallbacksAndMessages(@Nullable Object token);

所有remove方法均直接交给消息队列的相应方法处理,消息队列移除消息的具体逻辑在此不作赘述。


Handler也可以检查消息队列里是否有某个消息,通过以下has方法:

    public final boolean hasMessages(int what);
    public final boolean hasMessages(int what, @Nullable Object object);
    public final boolean hasCallbacks(@NonNull Runnable r);

所有has方法均直接交给消息队列进行检查,具体逻辑不赘述。


处理消息

上文提到,一般使用Looper.prepare()来新建Looper并绑定到当前线程。执行完Looper.prepare()之后就可以调用Looper.loop()方法,该方法在此线程中运行消息队列,简化实现如下:

    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
		
        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }
            
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

可以看出,loop()方法会执行无限循环,每次处理消息队列里的下一条消息,直到队列退出。如果下一条消息未到执行时间,则队列会阻塞。消息队列获取下一条消息的简化逻辑如下:

    private final ArrayList<IdleHandler> mIdleHandlers = new ArrayList<IdleHandler>();
    private IdleHandler[] mPendingIdleHandlers;

    Message next() {
        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = idler.queueIdle();
                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

消息队列在获取消息时,如果下一条是消息屏障,则只会循环取出队列中的异步消息,否则在一般情况下按队列顺序取出消息。如果下一条消息未到执行时间,则计算出需要等待的时间nextPollTimeoutMillis,在下一个循环时调用nativePollOnce进行阻塞。如果下一条消息可用,则返回该消息。除了获取消息,next方法似乎还干了点别的事情。我们先来看一下这里涉及到的IdleHandler,它是消息队列的内部接口:

    /**
     * Callback interface for discovering when a thread is going to block
     * waiting for more messages.
     */
    public static interface IdleHandler {
        /**
         * Called when the message queue has run out of messages and will now
         * wait for more.  Return true to keep your idle handler active, false
         * to have it removed.  This may be called if there are still messages
         * pending in the queue, but they are all scheduled to be dispatched
         * after the current time.
         */
        boolean queueIdle();
    }

    public void addIdleHandler(@NonNull IdleHandler handler) {
        if (handler == null) {
            throw new NullPointerException("Can't add a null IdleHandler");
        }
        synchronized (this) {
            mIdleHandlers.add(handler);
        }
    }

    public void removeIdleHandler(@NonNull IdleHandler handler) {
        synchronized (this) {
            mIdleHandlers.remove(handler);
        }
    }

    public boolean isIdle() {
        synchronized (this) {
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            return mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when;
        }
    }

IdleHandler的作用在于,当消息队列空闲时,包括队列为空或者消息未到执行时间时,可以先执行一些简单的操作。这些操作放在queueIdle方法里,该方法返回true则意味着从mIdleHandlers移除IdleHandler,返回false则保留。
若从消息队列里获取到下一条消息,则会给Handler去分发,处理完之后会回收该消息。Handler的分发逻辑如下:

    public void dispatchMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

    private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

    public void handleMessage(@NonNull Message msg) {
    }

分发消息时,如果消息的Runnable callback属性不为空,则说明该消息包含的是一个可运行对象,从而直接运行该对象。否则会先检查是否有实现Callback接口,有则回调该接口,没有就调用HandlerhandleMessage方法。handleMessage方法是一个空方法,需要子类去实现。消息处理完就回收:

    private static final int MAX_POOL_SIZE = 50;

    void recycleUnchecked() {
        // Mark the message as in use while it remains in the recycled object pool.
        // Clear out all other details.
        flags = FLAG_IN_USE;
        what = 0;
        arg1 = 0;
        arg2 = 0;
        obj = null;
        replyTo = null;
        sendingUid = UID_NONE;
        workSourceUid = UID_NONE;
        when = 0;
        target = null;
        callback = null;
        data = null;

        synchronized (sPoolSync) {
            if (sPoolSize < MAX_POOL_SIZE) {
                next = sPool;
                sPool = this;
                sPoolSize++;
            }
        }
    }

回收方法会清空消息的所有数据,然后将这个空消息放进消息池。消息池里的消息会在调用obtain()时复用,从而可以避免分配新的消息对象。消息除了被动地回收,你也可以主动去调用回收:

    private static boolean gCheckRecycle = true;

    public void recycle() {
        if (isInUse()) {
            if (gCheckRecycle) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("This message cannot be recycled because it "
                        + "is still in use.");
            }
            return;
        }
        recycleUnchecked();
    }

当不再需要消息循环时,需要调用quit()来终止循环:

    public void quit() {
        mQueue.quit(false);
    }

    public void quitSafely() {
        mQueue.quit(true);
    }

消息循环的退出方法交给了消息队列去完成:

    private boolean mQuitting;

    void quit(boolean safe) {
        if (!mQuitAllowed) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                return;
            }
            mQuitting = true;

            if (safe) {
                removeAllFutureMessagesLocked();
            } else {
                removeAllMessagesLocked();
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false.
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }

    private void removeAllMessagesLocked() {
        Message p = mMessages;
        while (p != null) {
            Message n = p.next;
            p.recycleUnchecked();
            p = n;
        }
        mMessages = null;
    }

    private void removeAllFutureMessagesLocked() {
        final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
        Message p = mMessages;
        if (p != null) {
            if (p.when > now) {
                removeAllMessagesLocked();
            } else {
                Message n;
                for (;;) {
                    n = p.next;
                    if (n == null) {
                        return;
                    }
                    if (n.when > now) {
                        break;
                    }
                    p = n;
                }
                p.next = null;
                do {
                    p = n;
                    n = p.next;
                    p.recycleUnchecked();
                } while (n != null);
            }
        }
    }

可以看出,普通的退出就是将消息队列里的消息全部回收,安全退出就是只回收执行时间在当前时间之后的所有消息。之所以需要安全地退出,是因为队列里的消息可能已经到了执行时间,只是还没轮询到,退出时会把这部分消息都留着。

至此,一个消息从获得、发送、入队到出队、分发、处理、回收的流程就结束了。

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