【在Oracle Linux 7上采用RPM方式安装Oracle19c】

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AllanHwang

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-26 16:42:17 发布

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在Oracle Linux 7上采用RPM方式安装Oracle19c

前言
环境
安装Oracle
- 准备阶段
- 安装阶段
数据库相关操作
通过外部软件连接数据库
数据库启动/关闭
- 启动步骤
- 关闭步骤

前言

学习Oracle知识的第一步应该就是安装oracle软件吧，看完各种安装教程后，也就陷入了“从入门到放弃”。本次教程我将采用最简单的Oracle安装方法，初学者完全可以参照本教程进行搭建，不用过多关注环境变量、监听、dbca、数据库等，用最便捷的方式先入门，然后再学习SQL语句，随着学习的更加深入，回头再看其他教程也就明朗了许多。

环境

系统：Oracle Linux 7.9 （CentOS 7也可以）
硬盘：建议30G以上（我默认分配了20G，后续又扩容了）

安装Oracle

准备阶段

下载Oracle 19c安装包
下载Oracle 19c预安装包
如果是CentOS 7则需要下载该安装包
如果是Oracle Linux 7则无需下载
将上述安装包上传至服务器
方式一：安装xftp软件（建议），然后上传至/root目录下即可。
方式二：服务器执行命令安装软件 yum install lrzsz （Oracle Linux 7.9默认已安装该软件），然后输入命令 rz 会弹出本地电脑的文件夹，选择上述安装包即可上传至服务器。【小文件建议采用这种方法】

安装阶段

1. 安装预安装包
Oracle Linux 7：

[root@192 ~]# yum -y install oracle-database-preinstall-19c
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package oracle-database-preinstall-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-3.el7 will be installed
......#  省略中间过程
Installed:
  oracle-database-preinstall-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-3.el7                                                                          

Dependency Installed:
  compat-libcap1.x86_64 0:1.10-7.el7                        glibc-devel.x86_64 0:2.17-326.0.1.el7_9                         
  glibc-headers.x86_64 0:2.17-326.0.1.el7_9                 kernel-headers.x86_64 0:3.10.0-1160.80.1.0.1.el7                
  ksh.x86_64 0:20120801-144.0.1.el7_9                       libaio-devel.x86_64 0:0.3.109-13.el7                            
  libstdc++-devel.x86_64 0:4.8.5-44.0.3.el7                

Dependency Updated:
  glibc.x86_64 0:2.17-326.0.1.el7_9                         glibc-common.x86_64 0:2.17-326.0.1.el7_9                        

Complete!

CentOS 7:

[root@192 ~]# cd /root  # 先切换到软件所在目录
[root@192 ~]# yum install oracle-database-preinstall-21c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm

此处的rpm包通常使用安装命令：rpm -ivh oracle-database-preinstall-21c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
但这种方式会提示缺少很多依赖包，缺少的依赖包需要执行yum install xxxx安装，比较繁琐。
2. 安装Oracle 19c软件

[root@192 ~]# yum install -y oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
Examining oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm: oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64
Marking oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

=============================================================================================================================
 Package                           Arch              Version           Repository                                       Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
 oracle-database-ee-19c            x86_64            1.0-1             /oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64            6.9 G

Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total size: 6.9 G
Installed size: 6.9 G
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                                                      1/1 
[INFO] Executing post installation scripts...
[INFO] Oracle home installed successfully and ready to be configured.
To configure a sample Oracle Database you can execute the following service configuration script as root: /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
  Verifying  : oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64                                                                                      1/1 

Installed:
  oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1                                                                                                     

Complete!

3. 初始化Oracle数据库

[root@192 ~]# /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
Configuring Oracle Database ORCLCDB.
Prepare for db operation
8% complete
Copying database files
31% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
32% complete
36% complete
40% complete
43% complete
46% complete
Completing Database Creation
51% complete
54% complete
Creating Pluggable Databases
58% complete
77% complete
Executing Post Configuration Actions
100% complete
Database creation complete. For details check the logfiles at:
 /opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCLCDB.
Database Information:
Global Database Name:ORCLCDB
System Identifier(SID):ORCLCDB
Look at the log file "/opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCLCDB/ORCLCDB.log" for further details.

Database configuration completed successfully. The passwords were auto generated, you must change them by connecting to the database using 'sqlplus / as sysdba' as the oracle user.

4. 设置环境变量
经过上述步骤，系统已经为我们创建好了oracle用户和相关组，我们切换至oracle用户下，进行环境变量的配置。（此步骤可省略，但不建议）

[root@192 ~]# passwd oracle  # 建议设置密码，但不强制
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: 
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@192 ~]# su - oracle  # 切换至oracle用户
Last login: Wed Nov  9 03:50:35 EST 2022 on pts/1

接下来配置环境变量

[oracle@192 ~]$ vim ~/.bash_profile

修改为：

# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
        . ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin

export PATH


export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1
export PATH=$PATH:/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/bin
export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDB
stty erase
export NLS_LANG="AMERICAN_AMERICA.UTF8"

执行命令 source ~/.bash_profile，使其配置生效

数据库相关操作

1. 登录数据库

[oracle@192 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Wed Nov 9 04:04:56 2022
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.3.0.0.0

SQL>

2. 设置数据库密码

SQL> alter user system identified by 123456;

User altered.

3. 简单查询例句

SQL> show user;         
USER is "SYS"
SQL> show pdbs;

    CON_ID CON_NAME			  OPEN MODE  RESTRICTED
---------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------
	 2 PDB$SEED			  READ ONLY  NO
	 3 ORCLPDB1			  READ WRITE NO

通过外部软件连接数据库

1. 安全组&防火墙要放开限制，此处实验阶段采取直接关闭防火墙的手段

[root@192 ~]# systemctl status firewalld.service  # 检查防火墙状态
[root@192 ~]# systemctl stop firewalld.service  # 暂时关闭防火墙
[root@192 ~]# systemctl disable firewalld.service  # 彻底关闭防火墙

2. 使用Navicat Premiun连接数据库
请添加图片描述
注意此处的用户名为system，如果使用sys和sysdba用户，则需要在高级选项中选择角色为SYSDBA，且使用 alter user 用户 identified by 密码 设置了密码;

3. 使用PL/SQL Developer连接数据库，请百度查阅其他文档。

数据库启动/关闭

服务器重启后，Oracle则无法连接。

启动步骤

1. 切换至oracle用户下
2. 启动监听 lsnrctl start

[oracle@192 ~]$ lsnrctl start

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on 09-NOV-2022 04:37:57

Copyright (c) 1991, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Starting /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...

TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
System parameter file is /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Log messages written to /opt/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/192/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.23.134)(PORT=1521)))
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.23.134)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Start Date                09-NOV-2022 04:37:59
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 0 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /opt/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/192/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=192.168.23.134)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
The listener supports no services
The command completed successfully

3. 登录数据库

[oracle@192 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Wed Nov 9 04:39:00 2022
Version 19.3.0.0.0

Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL>

4. 启动数据库

SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 2415918608 bytes
Fixed Size		    9137680 bytes
Variable Size		  520093696 bytes
Database Buffers	 1879048192 bytes
Redo Buffers		    7639040 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.

使用Navicat或者PL/SQL Developer连接数据库进行操作（可选）

关闭步骤

1. 关闭数据库
在SQL界面执行 shutdown immediate

SQL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL>

*2. 退出数据库 Control + d 或者输入 exit

SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.3.0.0.0
[oracle@192 ~]$

3. 关闭监听

[oracle@192 ~]$ lsnrctl stop

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on 09-NOV-2022 10:20:15

Copyright (c) 1991, 2019, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.23.134)(PORT=1521)))
The command completed successfully