TemplateMethod模板方法

Template method pattern

In object-oriented programming, the template method is one of the behavioral design patterns identified by Gamma et al.[1] in the book Design Patterns. The template method is a method in a superclass, usually an abstract superclass, and defines the skeleton of an operation in terms of a number of high-level steps. These steps are themselves implemented by additional helper methods in the same class as the template method.
The helper methods may be either abstract methods, for which case subclasses are required to provide concrete implementations, or hook methods, which have empty bodies in the superclass. Subclasses can (but are not required to) customize the operation by overriding the hook methods. The intent of the template method is to define the overall structure of the operation, while allowing subclasses to refine, or redefine, certain steps.[2] —Wikipedia

Structure

In the above UML class diagram, the AbstractClass defines a templateMethod() operation that defines the skeleton (template) of a behavior by

• implementing the invariant parts of the behavior and
• sending to self the messages primitive1() and primitive2() , which, because they are implemented in SubClass1 , allow that subclass to provide a variant implementation of those parts of the algorithm.

Example

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        F f = new C1();
        f.m();
    }

}

abstract class F {
    public void m() {
        op1();
        op2();
    }

    abstract void op1();
    abstract void op2();
}

class C1 extends F {

    @Override
    void op1() {
        System.out.println("op1");
    }

    @Override
    void op2() {
        System.out.println("op2");
    }
}

jdk中体现

AQS

AQS采用的模板模式的方式构建的，其内部除了提供并发操作核心方法以及同步队列操作外，还提供了一些模板方法让子类自己实现，如加锁操作以及解锁操作。
为什么这么做？
这是因为AQS作为基础组件，封装的是核心并发操作，但是实现上分为两种模式，即共享模式与独占模式，而这两种模式的加锁与解锁实现方式是不一样的，但AQS只关注内部公共方法实现并不关心外部不同模式的实现，所以提供了模板方法给子类使用，也就是说实现独占锁，如ReentrantLock需要自己实现tryAcquire()方法和tryRelease()方法，而实现共享模式的Semaphore，则需要实现tryAcquireShared()方法和tryReleaseShared()方法，这样做的好处是显而易见的，无论是共享模式还是独占模式，其基础的实现都是同一套组件(AQS)，只不过是加锁解锁的逻辑不同罢了，更重要的是如果我们需要自定义锁的话，也变得非常简单，只需要选择不同的模式实现不同的加锁和解锁的模板方法即可，AQS提供给独占模式和共享模式的模板方法如下¹

//AQS中提供的主要模板方法，由子类实现。
public abstract class AbstractQueuedSynchronizer
    extends AbstractOwnableSynchronizer{

    //独占模式下获取锁的方法
    protected boolean tryAcquire(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    //独占模式下解锁的方法
    protected boolean tryRelease(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    //共享模式下获取锁的方法
    protected int tryAcquireShared(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

    //共享模式下解锁的方法
    protected boolean tryReleaseShared(int arg) {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    //判断是否为持有独占锁
    protected boolean isHeldExclusively() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

}

ClassLoader

    protected Class<?> loadClass(String name, boolean resolve)
        throws ClassNotFoundException
    {
        synchronized (getClassLoadingLock(name)) {
            // First, check if the class has already been loaded
            Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);
            if (c == null) {
                long t0 = System.nanoTime();
                try {
                    if (parent != null) {
                        c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
                    } else {
                        c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
                    }
                } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
                    // ClassNotFoundException thrown if class not found
                    // from the non-null parent class loader
                }

                if (c == null) {
                    // If still not found, then invoke findClass in order
                    // to find the class.
                    long t1 = System.nanoTime();
                    //主要是这行代码，点进去看一下 
                    c = findClass(name);

                    // this is the defining class loader; record the stats
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getParentDelegationTime().addTime(t1 - t0);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClassTime().addElapsedTimeFrom(t1);
                    sun.misc.PerfCounter.getFindClasses().increment();
                }
            }
            if (resolve) {
                resolveClass(c);
            }
            return c;
        }
    }

findClass 中只有一句 throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
自定义类加载器只要继承 ClassLoader ，重写 findClass() 方法就可以了。

    /**
     * Finds the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.
     * This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that
     * follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by
     * the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method after checking the
     * parent class loader for the requested class.  The default implementation
     * throws a <tt>ClassNotFoundException</tt>.
     *
     * @param  name
     *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
     *
     * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
     *
     * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
     *          If the class could not be found
     *
     * @since  1.2
     */
    protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
    }

Summary

• 抽象父类中一个普通方法调用了几个抽象方法
• 由子类去实现父类定义的抽象方法
• 并按父类定义的顺序执行

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1. 转载自《Java并发编程，AQS的(独占锁)重入锁(ReetrantLock)及其Condition实现原理》 ↩︎