ReentrantLock锁的底层原理

1、查看Lock类源码

lock的源码里只定义了5个方法，具体的实现逻辑我们去Lock的子类里进行查看

/*
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public interface Lock {

    void lock();

    void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException;

    boolean tryLock();

    void unlock();

    Condition newCondition();
}

2、ReentrantLock类源码

先看ReentrantLock的父子关系，它继承了lock锁，相应的就要实现lock的方法，下面看他是怎么实现的

public class ReentrantLock implements Lock, java.io.Serializable 

实现的lock方法，方法体内只有一行代码，调用了sync的lock方法，看一下这个sync是个什么

public void lock() {
    sync.lock();
}

sync代码，ReentrantLock定义了一个Sync类，

    /** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics */
    private final Sync sync;

    /**
     * Base of synchronization control for this lock. Subclassed
     * into fair and nonfair versions below. Uses AQS state to
     * represent the number of holds on the lock.
     */
    abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -5179523762034025860L;

        /**
         * Performs {@link Lock#lock}. The main reason for subclassing
         * is to allow fast path for nonfair version.
         */
        abstract void lock();

        /**
         * Performs non-fair tryLock.  tryAcquire is implemented in
         * subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
         */
        final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
            final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            if (c == 0) {
                if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
                int nextc = c + acquires;
                if (nextc < 0) // overflow
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                setState(nextc);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
            int c = getState() - releases;
            if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            boolean free = false;
            if (c == 0) {
                free = true;
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
            }
            setState(c);
            return free;
        }

        protected final boolean isHeldExclusively() {
            // While we must in general read state before owner,
            // we don't need to do so to check if current thread is owner
            return getExclusiveOwnerThread() == Thread.currentThread();
        }

        final ConditionObject newCondition() {
            return new ConditionObject();
        }

        // Methods relayed from outer class

        final Thread getOwner() {
            return getState() == 0 ? null : getExclusiveOwnerThread();
        }

        final int getHoldCount() {
            return isHeldExclusively() ? getState() : 0;
        }

        final boolean isLocked() {
            return getState() != 0;
        }

        /**
         * Reconstitutes the instance from a stream (that is, deserializes it).
         */
        private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
            throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
            s.defaultReadObject();
            setState(0); // reset to unlocked state
        }
    }

在sync类里定义的lock方法是抽象方法没有具体实现的方法体，那lock的具体实现逻辑是在哪里执行的，看sync的子类：FairSync、NonfairSync

FairSync（公平锁）：

    /**
     * Sync object for fair locks
     */
    static final class FairSync extends Sync {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -3000897897090466540L;

        final void lock() {
            acquire(1);
        }

        /**
         * Fair version of tryAcquire.  Don't grant access unless
         * recursive call or no waiters or is first.
         */
        protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
            final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
            int c = getState();
            if (c == 0) {
                if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
                    compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
                    setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
                    return true;
                }
            }
            else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
                int nextc = c + acquires;
                if (nextc < 0)
                    throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
                setState(nextc);
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }

NonfairSync（非公平锁）：

    /**
     * Sync object for non-fair locks
     */
    static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 7316153563782823691L;

        /**
         * Performs lock.  Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
         * acquire on failure.
         */
        final void lock() {
            if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
            else
                acquire(1);
        }

        protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
            return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
        }
    }

那ReentrantLock是怎么定义用的是公平锁还是非公平锁的，使用构造函数定义，源码如下

    /**
     * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
     * This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
     */
    public ReentrantLock() {
        sync = new NonfairSync();
    }

    /**
     * Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
     * given fairness policy.
     *
     * @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
     */
    public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
        sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
    }

当我们new ReentrantLock()的时候默认使用的非公平锁，如果想用公平锁就传递参数true，如下

new ReentrantLock(true)

上面都是ReentrantLock的基本实现，那它的锁是怎么控制的，我们来看非公平锁的lock内容

final void lock() {
    if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
        setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
    else
        acquire(1);
}

先看验证条件：compareAndSetState(0, 1)，调用的Sync的父类AbstractQueuedSynchronizer类的方法，调用了cas锁

    protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
        // See below for intrinsics setup to support this
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
    }

如果验证通过执行AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的父类AbstractOwnableSynchronizer里的方法：setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());

它的含义是保存获取当前锁的线程对象

    protected final void setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread thread) {
        exclusiveOwnerThread = thread;
    }

如果验证没通过，调用的Sync的父类acquire类的方法

    public final void acquire(int arg) {
        if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
            acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
            selfInterrupt();
    }

这里干了三件事情：

• tryAcquire：会尝试再次通过CAS获取一次锁。

• addWaiter：将当前线程加入上面锁的双向链表（等待队列）中

• acquireQueued：通过自旋，判断当前队列节点是否可以获取锁。

addWaiter() 添加当前线程到等待链表中可以看到，通过CAS确保能够在线程安全的情况下，将当前线程加入到链表的尾部。

    /**
     * Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode.
     *
     * @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared
     * @return the new node
     */
    private Node addWaiter(Node mode) {
        Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode);
        // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure
        Node pred = tail;
        if (pred != null) {
            node.prev = pred;
            if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) {
                pred.next = node;
                return node;
            }
        }
        enq(node);
        return node;
    }

acquireQueued()    自旋+CAS尝试获取锁

可以看到，当当前线程到头部的时候，尝试CAS更新锁状态，如果更新成功表示该等待线程获取成功。从头部移除。

    final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
        boolean failed = true;
        try {
            boolean interrupted = false;
            for (;;) {
                final Node p = node.predecessor();
                if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
                    setHead(node);
                    p.next = null; // help GC
                    failed = false;
                    return interrupted;
                }
                if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
                    parkAndCheckInterrupt())
                    interrupted = true;
            }
        } finally {
            if (failed)
                cancelAcquire(node);
        }
    }

每一个线程都在 自旋+CAS

最后简要概括一下，获取锁的一个流程

unLock源码

    public void unlock() {
        sync.release(1);
    }

release源码

    public final boolean release(int arg) {
        if (tryRelease(arg)) {
            Node h = head;
            if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
                unparkSuccessor(h);
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

tryRelease源码，sync类重写了tryRelease

        protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
            int c = getState() - releases;
            if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
                throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
            boolean free = false;
            if (c == 0) {
                free = true;
                setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
            }
            setState(c);
            return free;
        }

在最后的代码setState修改了AQS类里的state状态，释放锁就是对AQS中的状态值State进行修改。同时更新下一个链表中的线程等待节点。

总结

• lock的存储结构：一个int类型状态值（用于锁的状态变更），一个双向链表（用于存储等待中的线程）
• lock获取锁的过程：本质上是通过CAS来获取状态值修改，如果当场没获取到，会将该线程放在线程等待链表中。
• lock释放锁的过程：修改状态值，调整等待链表。